Movie Screening: Chanya Button's Vita & Virginia

This blog task is assigned by Prakruti Bhatt Ma'am (Department of English, MKBU).   

  Chanya Button's Vita & Virginia

Category	Details
Title	Vita & Virginia
Theatrical Release Poster	![Poster not shown here]
Directed by	Chanya Button
Written by	Eileen Atkins, Chanya Button
Based on	Vita & Virginia by Eileen Atkins
Produced by	Evangelo Kioussis, Katie Holly, Shashank Shambharkar
Starring	Gemma Arterton, Elizabeth Debicki, Rupert Penry-Jones, Peter Ferdinando, Gethin Anthony, Emerald Fennell, Adam Gillen, Karla Crome, Rory Fleck Byrne, Nathan Stewart-Jarrett, Isabella Rossellini
Cinematography	Carlos De Carvalho
Edited by	Mark Trend
Music by	Isobel Waller-Bridge
Production Companies	Bl!nder Films, Mirror Productions, Protagonist Pictures, Mehra Entertainment, LipSync Productions, Rather Good Films Ltd, Screen Ireland
Distributed by	Thunderbird Releasing
Release Dates	11 September 2018 (TIFF), 5 July 2019 (UK and Ireland)
Running Time	110 minutes
Countries	United Kingdom, Ireland
Language	English
Box Office	$789,095

Vita and Virginia - Official Trailer I HD I IFC Films

Question : 1) How do the letters function not only as a medium of communication between the two central characters but also as narrative tool within the film?

Answer : 

The Epistolary Pulse of Passion and Storytelling in Vita & Virginia

The 2018 biographical drama Vita & Virginia, directed by Chanya Button and based on Eileen Atkins' play of the same name, explores the intimate and intellectual relationship between two iconic literary figures—Vita Sackville-West and Virginia Woolf. Central to the film’s narrative structure is the use of letters, which are not merely historical artifacts or plot devices but function as an integral narrative tool. These letters serve multiple purposes: they foster a profound emotional and psychological connection between the protagonists, convey complex inner states, drive the storyline, and stylistically evoke a period-specific yet timeless mode of romantic and philosophical exchange.

1. Letters as a Medium of Communication

At the heart of the film lies the real-life correspondence between Vita and Virginia, which spanned nearly two decades. In the context of the film, these letters allow the characters to transcend societal and personal boundaries. Living in an era where same-sex relationships were taboo, the written word became a safer and more intimate realm for expressing desires, frustrations, vulnerabilities, and intellectual companionship. Through letters, Vita and Virginia communicate more freely than they often do in person. Their writing becomes an emotional bridge, allowing them to reach into each other’s inner worlds with a clarity and honesty that spoken conversation cannot always achieve.

Letters allow Vita to pursue Virginia with charm and intensity, while Virginia, often more reserved and cerebral, finds in writing a space to articulate her complex feelings, fears, and inspirations. The act of writing—so essential to both women as authors—becomes entwined with their romantic expression. Hence, communication through letters reflects both their personalities and their evolving relationship.

2. Letters as a Narrative Device

From a cinematic perspective, letters offer a unique storytelling mechanism. In Vita & Virginia, they serve as an epistolary narration—a technique reminiscent of classic literature where plots unfold through correspondence. Director Chanya Button transforms these written exchanges into scenes of voiced-over narration, often with the characters visually present on screen in different settings, engaging in their daily lives while their thoughts echo through voice. This dual layer—visual and auditory—creates a lyrical narrative that immerses the audience in both the interior and exterior lives of the characters.

The use of letters also permits non-linear storytelling. Since letters can be read, reflected upon, and even re-read at different points, they offer the filmmakers a tool for revisiting emotions, foreshadowing future events, or revealing secrets that are withheld in dialogue. The structure of the film, therefore, mirrors the rhythm of correspondence—pauses, delays, responses, and silences—all of which deepen the emotional resonance.

3. A Window into Interior Worlds

Another powerful function of letters in the film is their capacity to reveal internal landscapes. For Virginia, whose mental health struggles and introspective nature are sensitively portrayed, writing is a cathartic outlet. Her letters reflect the intellectual intensity and poetic depth of her thoughts, and the film uses these moments to delve into her psyche. This is particularly evident in scenes where her letter becomes a stream of consciousness—foreshadowing Orlando, the novel she eventually writes inspired by Vita.

Likewise, Vita’s letters showcase her boldness, flamboyance, and desire to liberate herself from conventional roles. They express not just romantic interest but a longing for recognition and freedom, themes central to her own writing and public persona.

By presenting the letters as direct addresses, the film sometimes breaks the fourth wall, inviting viewers to witness the raw authenticity of each woman's inner self. This device encourages empathy and creates an emotional intimacy between the audience and the characters.

4. Letters as Legacy and Literary Inspiration

Beyond personal and narrative functions, the letters in Vita & Virginia point to a broader literary and cultural legacy. Their relationship, immortalized through epistolary evidence, gave birth to one of Woolf’s most imaginative works—Orlando. The film draws a parallel between Virginia's emotional journey and her creative output, illustrating how the relationship with Vita profoundly influenced her art. The letters are thus positioned not only as part of their private relationship but as catalysts in the creative process, blurring the line between life and literature.

5. Stylistic and Thematic Resonance

Stylistically, the film’s use of the epistolary form pays homage to the period it represents while also modernizing it through visual and auditory techniques. The inclusion of modern electronic music, stylized visuals, and expressive cinematography complements the poetic rhythm of the letters, creating a bridge between the early 20th century and contemporary sensibilities. This juxtaposition underlines the timelessness of love, identity, and self-expression—themes that the letters help to explore.

Conclusion

In Vita & Virginia, letters are not passive documents; they are living dialogues that shape, reveal, and advance the story. They allow the protagonists to articulate what they cannot always say aloud, making visible the invisible tensions of desire, doubt, creativity, and courage. As a narrative device, the letters enrich the film’s structure, offering insight into character development, emotional nuance, and literary genesis. Ultimately, they function as both the heartbeat of a love story and the spine of a sophisticated, layered narrative.

Question : 2) Discuss some of the views regarding marriage, relationship and the role of society presented by the various characters in the film.

Answer : 

Exploring Views on Marriage, Relationships, and Society in Vita & Virginia

Chanya Button’s Vita & Virginia (2018) is more than a cinematic portrayal of a historical romance—it is a profound exploration of the conflicting ideologies of love, marriage, and social expectation in early 20th-century England. Based on the real-life correspondence and relationship between Vita Sackville-West and Virginia Woolf, the film dramatizes not only their passionate bond but also their divergent (and sometimes overlapping) views on the constructs that governed their world: marriage, fidelity, societal roles, and the freedom to love outside conventional boundaries.

1. Vita Sackville-West: The Flamboyant Rebel

Vita Sackville-West, portrayed by Gemma Arterton, is the most vocal character in the film regarding her rejection of traditional notions of marriage. While legally married to diplomat Harold Nicolson, Vita maintains several same-sex relationships and openly advocates for a more fluid and liberated concept of love. She views marriage not as a romantic ideal but as a practical social contract—one that offers stability but does not necessarily require exclusivity in matters of the heart.

Vita’s stance is radical for her time. She embraces bisexuality with confidence, often challenging societal taboos and seeking fulfillment outside the constraints of heteronormative roles. She believes in emotional honesty and self-expression over conformity, and she is unapologetic in her pursuit of Virginia despite being a married woman. Through her character, the film critiques the restrictive institution of marriage and celebrates personal freedom and sexual identity.

Her husband Harold, while not a central character, is depicted as sharing this open understanding—showing that Vita’s world, though unconventional, is built upon mutual respect rather than deception.

2. Virginia Woolf: The Introspective Iconoclast

Virginia Woolf, portrayed by Elizabeth Debicki, presents a more complex and contemplative view of marriage and relationships. Married to Leonard Woolf, Virginia navigates her romantic feelings for Vita with caution, shaped by her mental health struggles, intellectual disposition, and deep awareness of societal judgment.

Virginia’s marriage is portrayed as one of intellectual companionship rather than romantic passion. Leonard is supportive and caring, but there is a distinct emotional distance between them—one that Virginia fills through her spiritual and romantic connection with Vita. Still, Virginia does not dismiss the institution of marriage as Vita does; instead, she redefines it on her own terms. She values her stability with Leonard and fears losing her emotional balance, suggesting that while she is tempted by Vita's freedom, she is also bound by her own psychological and societal limitations.

Virginia’s relationship with Vita serves as both an awakening and a disruption. It forces her to confront her own desires and reconsider what it means to love and be loved. Her character reflects the conflict many women faced: choosing between personal fulfillment and social acceptability.

3. Leonard Woolf: The Loyal Supporter

Leonard Woolf is depicted as a rational, devoted husband who provides Virginia with the stability she often requires. While he is aware of Virginia’s emotional bond with Vita, he remains non-confrontational and supportive. His quiet presence in the film symbolizes the idea of marriage as partnership—not necessarily romantic or sexual, but deeply rooted in care and intellectual solidarity.

Leonard’s view of marriage contrasts sharply with Vita’s bold defiance. He embodies patience and restraint, allowing Virginia the space she needs while still offering emotional anchorage. His attitude also reflects a progressive, if subdued, acceptance of Virginia’s unconventional emotional needs.

4. Lady Sackville: The Voice of Tradition

Vita’s mother, Lady Sackville, represents the conservative, aristocratic perspective on marriage and society. She disapproves of Vita’s romantic affairs with women, fearing they will lead to scandal and social ruin. Her character serves as a reminder of the rigid expectations placed on women of the upper class—to marry well, uphold family honor, and suppress desires that deviate from societal norms.

Lady Sackville is not merely a caricature of bigotry; she is a product of her time, embodying the fear and resistance that met any attempt to subvert traditional roles. Through her, the film highlights the generational and ideological tensions between tradition and transformation.

5. Broader Societal Commentary

Vita & Virginia also makes subtle commentary on the role of women and the creative elite within a patriarchal society. Through the bohemian Bloomsbury Group—of which Virginia was a central figure—the film shows a circle that flirted with progressive ideals but was still deeply embedded in social privilege. The characters’ ability to explore non-traditional relationships was in part protected by their status, yet even within these circles, they faced limitations and judgment.

The film thus suggests that societal structures—marriage, gender roles, sexuality—were deeply ingrained, and navigating them required not only courage but also negotiation. The emotional toll of this negotiation is evident in both Virginia’s hesitation and Vita’s occasional heartbreak.

Conclusion

In Vita & Virginia, marriage and relationships are not static institutions but evolving, contested terrains. The film portrays a spectrum of perspectives—from Vita’s rebellious defiance and Virginia’s introspective ambivalence to Leonard’s quiet devotion and Lady Sackville’s traditionalism. Together, these viewpoints paint a nuanced portrait of the early 20th-century struggle between societal expectation and personal authenticity. Ultimately, Vita & Virginia asks timeless questions: What defines a true partnership? Can love exist outside conventional structures? And how do individuals reconcile personal truth with social constraint?

Question : 3) In your opinion, is the film able to capture Woolf's depressive state with sincerity & Genuity?

Answer : 

In my opinion, Vita & Virginia does attempt to present Virginia Woolf’s depressive state with sincerity, and to a large extent, it succeeds—especially in the way it handles her inner turmoil not just as a medical condition but as an emotional, intellectual, and existential crisis. The film doesn't reduce her to a stereotype of a "mad genius"; instead, it shows how her sensitivity, her sharp perception of the world, and her creative mind often collided with a fragile emotional core.

Elizabeth Debicki’s portrayal of Virginia is subtle and layered. It’s in her eyes, her pauses, the way she hesitates before responding, or drifts into silence mid-conversation—that quiet ache is deeply felt. The film often uses minimal dialogue and relies more on visual metaphors and sound design to reflect her state of mind. For instance, the surreal elements—like ink swirling in water or dissonant music—create a sense of disorientation, mirroring the moments when Virginia feels overwhelmed by voices or thoughts. These choices don’t feel forced or exaggerated; they feel poetic, like an extension of Woolf’s own stream-of-consciousness style.

One moment that stands out emotionally is when Virginia reflects on the thin line between brilliance and breakdown—echoing what she once wrote in a letter:

"I feel certain that I am going mad again. I feel we can’t go through another of those terrible times."

This line, although not directly quoted in the film, is felt in the atmosphere. It is in the silence between her words and in the way she recoils from society’s noise.

Similarly, Woolf’s internal monologues in the film remind us of Clarissa Dalloway’s own haunting thoughts:

“She always had the feeling that it was very, very dangerous to live even one day.” (Mrs. Dalloway)

These words resonate with Virginia’s portrayal—her elegance constantly shadowed by vulnerability. The film doesn’t dramatize her suffering, but it allows space for her quiet unraveling, her creative bursts followed by collapse.

That said, the film sometimes refrains from showing the deeper, more violent episodes of Woolf’s depression. It touches them softly, perhaps too softly. But maybe that was intentional—to keep her pain present without letting it overpower the story of love, creativity, and inspiration. After all, Vita & Virginia is as much about Virginia’s resurrection through passion as it is about her collapse.

In the end, I do believe the film captures Woolf’s depression with poetic genuineness. Not as a spectacle, but as a silent, powerful undercurrent. It reminds us, as The Waves does:

“I am rooted, but I flow.”

That is Woolf—anchored in suffering, yet flowing with words, ideas, and emotion.

Question : 4) Share your thoughts about the portrayal of the relationship between Virginia Woolf and Vita Sackville West. (Here, discuss points like who initiated the relationship, their first meeting, their last meeting, etc).

Answer: 

The Portrayal of the Relationship between Virginia Woolf and Vita Sackville-West in Vita & Virginia

The film Vita & Virginia offers a nuanced and emotionally resonant portrayal of the relationship between two remarkable women—Virginia Woolf, the modernist writer known for her depth and fragility, and Vita Sackville-West, the aristocratic poet and novelist with a flamboyant and fearless spirit. Their relationship was as complex as it was creative, and the film does justice to this layered dynamic by exploring both the emotional and intellectual dimensions of their bond.

Who Initiated the Relationship?

In the film, it is Vita Sackville-West who initiates the relationship. From the very beginning, Vita is portrayed as bold, confident, and charming—a woman who knows what she wants and is not afraid to go after it. Her fascination with Virginia begins with her admiration for Virginia’s literary genius. She is captivated not only by Mrs. Dalloway but also by the mystique surrounding Virginia herself. Despite being married and involved in other relationships, Vita is drawn to Virginia in a way that is both romantic and deeply intellectual.

Vita’s first visit to the Bloomsbury Group—a famously progressive and bohemian circle of artists and writers—marks the beginning of their real-life interaction. The film dramatizes this moment beautifully. While the others engage in witty banter, Virginia remains distant, reserved, and a little amused by Vita’s theatricality. But this very contrast seems to ignite the beginning of their emotional tension.

Their First Meeting

Their first meeting is marked by curiosity, admiration, and a clash of energies. Vita’s warmth, physical vitality, and flirtatious nature stand in contrast to Virginia’s cerebral, ethereal presence. However, there is an unspoken understanding between them, a kind of magnetic pull. Even though Virginia appears hesitant at first—due in part to her fragile mental state—she is intrigued by Vita’s fearless energy. Vita, on the other hand, is fascinated by Virginia’s mind, her language, and her mysterious quietness.

What makes this meeting compelling in the film is not just what is said, but what is left unsaid. The camera lingers on stolen glances, on pauses that speak volumes. It’s a visual language of longing, curiosity, and a cautious but undeniable attraction.

The Evolution of Their Relationship

The film takes us through the different stages of their bond—how it moves from admiration to friendship, and then to a romantic and emotional connection. One of the most unique aspects of their relationship is that it transcends physicality. Though there are sensual elements, especially in the letters and dreams shown on screen, their relationship is ultimately one of deep emotional and creative intimacy.

Their letters become the soul of their relationship—and the film uses these beautifully. The voiceovers, often adapted from their real correspondence, form a narrative bridge between scenes. They reveal vulnerability, desire, pain, and affection. Virginia, in particular, expresses herself more openly in writing, where she can hide behind the safety of language.

The film also explores the power dynamics in their relationship. Vita is more dominant in the early stages, but as Virginia starts writing Orlando—her novel inspired by and dedicated to Vita—she regains creative control. Orlando becomes a love letter in fiction, and in many ways, the novel immortalizes their relationship.

As Virginia writes in one letter (shown in the film):

“You inspired in me such a character, as you are not.”

This speaks to the way Virginia both adored Vita and reimagined her, making her into something both real and mythical.

The film doesn’t portray their last meeting in a literal or dramatic sense. Instead, it subtly shows the emotional drift. Vita moves on, somewhat, having always been more grounded in the external world. Virginia, though deeply affected by their relationship, seems to retreat back into her inner life—her writing, her thoughts, and sadly, her mental illness.

There is no tragic breakup or betrayal. Instead, the film honors the truth of their connection—it was not meant to last forever in the physical sense, but it remained spiritually significant. Even as they grow apart in practical terms, the emotional imprint they leave on each other is lasting. The fact that Orlando was written out of this relationship proves that their love had a kind of permanence in art, if not in life.

Final Thoughts

The portrayal of Virginia and Vita’s relationship in Vita & Virginia is both tender and complex. It avoids clichés and instead presents a realistic depiction of queer love in an era of social constraints. It is neither idealized nor tragic. Rather, it is shown as transformative—both women change each other, inspire each other, and wound each other in quiet ways.

Vita brings out Virginia’s passion and desire, while Virginia brings out a deeper, more reflective side of Vita. Their connection exists somewhere between reality and imagination, between longing and restraint.

In the end, their relationship becomes a symbol—not just of romantic love, but of how people can inspire each other across boundaries of convention, time, and even personal pain. As Virginia writes Orlando, she doesn’t just capture Vita—she recreates her, preserving their love not in history, but in literature.

References: 

I.A. Richards Figurative Language (Practical Criticism)

This blog is written as a task assigned by the head of the Department of English (MKBU), Prof. and Dr. Dilip Barad Sir. Here is the link to the professor's research article for background reading: Click here.

Kashi ma aa haath chhe ke bhadbhadati mashal - Magahar

          By Harish Meenashru. It is taken from his poetry collection Banaras Diary.

Original Poem: 

કાશીમાં આ હાથ છે કે ભડભડતી મશાલ

એ ઝટ સમજાતું નથી :

હું ગલ્લાંતલ્લાં કરું છું

આ તરફ ગડે મુરદોં કા યે કબરિસ્તાન

 ઓ તરફ જલે મુરદોં કા યે સમસાન 

બીચમેં જિન્દા મુરીદોંકા યે કબીરીસ્તાન

સૂફી કે સાહુ

ગૂગલ કે યાહુ

દાટું કે દાહું

નો ઈફ નો બટ

વાત કર સીધી ને સટ

જાહ્નવીને ‘જો-તો' પસંદ નથી

હું હિંમત એકઠી કરું છું કશુંક બોલવા માટે

મારી જીભનો કબ્જો લઈ લે છે કબીર ને હું બોલી ઊઠું છું : 

જ્યાં તદાકાર સાતે સ્વર

અગર મગર નહીં

 મગહર.

This Gujarati poem uses powerful imagery and metaphors to explore themes like spirituality, life, death, and the contrasts between traditional and modern ways of thinking. Here's a breakdown:

"કાશીમાં આ હાથ છે કે ભડભડતી મશાલ"

The poet compares their hand to a blazing torch in Kashi (a symbol of spirituality and enlightenment), suggesting strength, guidance, or a transformative force.

"મુરદોં કા કબરિસ્તાન" અને "મુરદોં કા સમાજ"

These lines contrast graveyards (symbolizing death) with cremation grounds, pointing to different cultural or spiritual approaches to life's end. The mention of "કબીરીસ્તાન" suggests a space where living souls are metaphorically buried, representing emptiness or detachment.

"સૂફી કે સાહુ, ગૂગલ કે યાહુ"

This juxtaposes spiritual seekers (Sufi) and materialistic people (Sahu) with modern technology (Google and Yahoo), highlighting the conflict between ancient wisdom and contemporary life.

"જાહ્નવીને 'જો-તો' પસંદ નથી"

Refers to the sacred river Ganga (Jahnavi) as disliking indecisiveness or ambiguity ("જો-તો"), symbolizing the need for clarity and resolve in life.

"જ્યાં તદાકાર સાતે સ્વર"

Describes a state of unity and harmony, transcending doubts or conditions, representing ultimate spiritual realization.

Overall, the poem reflects on navigating the tensions between life and death, spirituality and materialism, and tradition versus modernity, ultimately advocating for a clear and resolute path to enlightenment.

Four types of misunderstanding:

1. Careless, Intuitive Reading

(Rhyme or Irregular Syntax)

If a reader interprets the poem casually without paying attention to its deeper meaning, they might misinterpret lines like "કાશીમાં આ હાથ છે કે ભડભડતી મશાલ" as merely a dramatic statement. They could overlook the symbolic depth, where the "blazing torch" represents enlightenment, courage, or spiritual awakening.

The irregular syntax and metaphorical expressions demand careful attention to understand the layered meanings. A careless reading might miss the poet’s spiritual and existential commentary.

2. Over-Literal Reading – Prosaic Reading

Reading lines like "મુરદોં કા કબરિસ્તાન" literally might lead one to think the poem is only about physical death or funerary practices.

In reality, the line metaphorically explores deeper ideas about spiritual emptiness and detachment from life. Over-literal interpretation reduces the poetic impact and misses its philosophical essence.

3. Defective Scholarship; Inappropriate Metaphor

Misunderstanding metaphors like "મુરીદોંકા યે કબીરીસ્તાન" as a literal place for disciples might lead to a superficial interpretation.

The metaphor here suggests the stagnation of the human spirit despite being alive, which requires a nuanced understanding. Without context about Sufi traditions or Kabir's philosophy, the metaphor could seem misplaced or unclear.

4. Difference in Meaning of Words in Poetry and Prose

Words like "મશાલ" (torch) and "મુરીદોં" (disciples) carry metaphorical weight in the poem.

In prose, "torch" might simply mean a source of light, but here it symbolizes spiritual guidance or awakening. Similarly, "disciples" metaphorically represent seekers of truth who may have lost their vitality or purpose. Failing to grasp these poetic nuances could lead to misinterpretation.

Analysis of the Poem Through I.A. Richards' Lens

By addressing these misunderstandings, we realize that the poem is a meditation on spirituality, the conflict between materialism and enlightenment, and the quest for purpose. Misreading it through carelessness, excessive literalism, lack of contextual knowledge, or ignoring poetic language can obscure its profound message. Recognizing the symbolic layers and metaphoric richness is key to fully appreciating its depth.

War Poetry

Question : Choose one poem from the English literary cannon which deals with the theme of war and compare it with any one of the five war poems you have studied in this unit. [Discuss aspects like the style of the poems, language employed, treatment of the theme of war, etc.] How are they different? Are there any similarities?

 Answer :
Comparative Analysis of War Themes in Rupert Brooke’s The Soldier and Siegfried Sassoon’s Counter-Attack

This answer examines the representation of war in Rupert Brooke’s The Soldier and Siegfried Sassoon’s Counter-Attack, focusing on the stylistic, thematic, and linguistic dimensions of the poems. The comparison highlights the contrast between Brooke’s idealistic portrayal of war and Sassoon’s grim depiction of its harsh realities, providing insight into the differing perceptions of World War I.

Introduction

The literature of World War I encapsulates the diverse experiences and emotions of soldiers and civilians. Rupert Brooke’s The Soldier is an emblematic example of early-war patriotism and idealism, while Siegfried Sassoon’s Counter-Attack exemplifies the disillusionment and horror associated with trench warfare. This paper explores how these two poems diverge and converge in their thematic treatment, language, and stylistic approaches to war.

Patriotism vs. Realism: Contrasting Themes

The Soldier presents war as a noble endeavor, characterized by romantic nationalism. Brooke’s speaker envisions his death as a transformative act, asserting that his body will enrich the foreign soil with England’s virtues: “There shall be / In that rich earth a richer dust concealed.” This idealization reflects the initial enthusiasm of World War I, often associated with a sense of duty and sacrifice for the homeland.

Conversely, Counter-Attack dismantles the myth of war’s glory. Sassoon’s vivid depiction of a failed military offensive (“He tottered, cursed, and dropped”) captures the physical and psychological toll of combat. The poem’s stark portrayal of chaos and futility underscores the grim reality of life in the trenches, emphasizing the suffering endured by soldiers.

Stylistic and Linguistic Devices

Brooke employs traditional sonnet form and an elevated, lyrical diction to evoke a serene and reverential tone. The use of natural imagery (“flowers to love”) and religious connotations (“under an English heaven”) idealizes death, presenting it as a spiritual and patriotic fulfillment. This stylistic choice aligns with the Edwardian tradition of poetic romanticism.

In stark contrast, Sassoon’s poem utilizes fragmented structure and harsh, jarring language to reflect the disarray of war. His unflinching descriptions (“The smell of men’s blood, the green, clotted slime”) immerse the reader in the visceral horrors of the battlefield. Sassoon’s use of irony and blunt realism exposes the futility and brutality of war.

Treatment of the Soldier’s Experience

Brooke’s soldier is an abstract, almost mythic figure whose sacrifice embodies the collective spirit of England. The poem’s emphasis on the eternal (“forever England”) detaches the individual from the immediate realities of war, framing death as a transcendent and patriotic act.

Sassoon, however, focuses on the soldier’s lived experience, portraying him as a vulnerable and human figure subjected to unimaginable horrors. The poem’s vivid imagery and fragmented narrative evoke the chaotic and dehumanizing nature of war, contrasting sharply with Brooke’s idealized vision.

Similarities: Reflections on Death

Despite their stark differences, both poems reflect on death as a central theme. Brooke’s optimistic vision sees death as a means of immortalizing national identity, while Sassoon’s grim portrayal critiques the romanticization of such sacrifices. Both poets use their respective approaches to evoke a response from the audience—Brooke inspires reverence, whereas Sassoon provokes outrage and empathy.

Conclusion

The juxtaposition of Brooke’s The Soldier and Sassoon’s Counter-Attack reveals the evolution of World War I poetry from romantic idealism to stark realism. While Brooke’s work embodies the early-war sentiment of patriotic fervor, Sassoon’s poem reflects the disillusionment of those who endured the trenches. Together, these poems provide a comprehensive lens through which to examine the multifaceted nature of war literature, capturing both its ideals and its harrowing realities.

Question : "War poetry is not necessarily ‘anti-war’. It is, however, about the very large questions of life: identity, innocence, guilt, loyalty, courage, compassion, humanity, duty, desire, death." Discuss this statement in the context of any two of the war poems you have studied.

 Answer : 

War Poetry and the Complexities of Life: A Study of Wilfrid Wilson Gibson’s The Fear and Siegfried Sassoon’s The Hero

This answer explores the nuanced dimensions of war poetry, arguing that it transcends simplistic classifications as “anti-war” and instead grapples with profound questions of human existence. Through an analysis of Wilfrid Wilson Gibson’s The Fear and Siegfried Sassoon’s The Hero, the study demonstrates how these poems delve into themes such as identity, guilt, loyalty, courage, and humanity while reflecting on the complexities of war and its impact on individuals and society.

Introduction

War poetry has often been categorized as either glorifying or condemning conflict. However, the genre frequently operates in a space that resists such binary classifications, addressing fundamental human concerns. Gibson’s The Fear and Sassoon’s The Hero exemplify this tendency by illuminating the psychological and emotional dimensions of war. This paper examines how these works engage with the multifaceted realities of war, emphasizing the enduring questions they pose about life, death, and moral responsibility.

Identity, Innocence, and Guilt in The Fear

Wilfrid Wilson Gibson’s The Fear captures the haunting psychological toll of war on soldiers. The poem portrays a soldier who confesses his dread of battle to his comrades, only to later succumb to his fears in a moment of paralyzing terror. Through this narrative, Gibson explores the fragility of identity under extreme circumstances. The soldier’s vulnerability challenges the traditional archetype of the stoic and fearless warrior, emphasizing the humanity of those on the battlefield.

Innocence and guilt emerge as intertwined themes in The Fear. The soldier’s admission of fear is met with an implicit judgment, reflecting societal expectations of courage and composure. When he falters, his death becomes a tragic embodiment of the conflict between individual vulnerability and collective ideals of heroism. Gibson’s unflinching portrayal raises critical questions about the cost of such ideals and the psychological scars borne by those who confront their mortality.

Loyalty, Duty, and Compassion in The Hero

Siegfried Sassoon’s The Hero offers a poignant critique of the social structures surrounding war, focusing on themes of loyalty, duty, and compassion. The poem’s narrative revolves around the delivery of news to a soldier’s mother, who is consoled with a fabricated account of her son’s bravery. This act of deception underscores the tension between personal grief and societal expectations of heroism.

Sassoon’s portrayal of the officer delivering the news reveals a complex interplay of loyalty and compassion. While the officer’s lie is ostensibly an act of kindness, it also perpetuates the myth of noble sacrifice, shielding the public from the grim realities of war. The soldier’s death, described with brutal honesty (“…blown to small bits”), serves as a stark reminder of the gap between romanticized notions of war and its actual horrors. By juxtaposing these perspectives, Sassoon critiques the societal machinery that valorizes war at the expense of individual lives.

Courage, Humanity, and Death

Both The Fear and The Hero grapple with the theme of courage, challenging traditional notions of bravery. In The Fear, courage is redefined as the capacity to confront and articulate one’s vulnerability, while in The Hero, it is contrasted with the moral courage required to confront uncomfortable truths about war.

Humanity and death are central to both poems, which emphasize the personal and collective loss engendered by war. Gibson’s depiction of a soldier’s inner turmoil highlights the universal fear of death, while Sassoon’s narrative underscores the dehumanizing effects of war on both its participants and those left behind. Together, these poems illuminate the profound emotional and ethical questions that war raises.

Conclusion

Wilfrid Wilson Gibson’s The Fear and Siegfried Sassoon’s The Hero exemplify the depth and complexity of war poetry, demonstrating its capacity to engage with the larger questions of life, identity, and morality. Far from being narrowly “anti-war,” these poems offer nuanced reflections on the human condition, challenging readers to confront the psychological and societal dimensions of conflict. Through their exploration of fear, duty, compassion, and death, Gibson and Sassoon contribute to an enduring dialogue about the cost of war and the resilience of the human spirit.

Question: Compare Ivor Gurney's The Target with Wilfred Owen's Dulce et Decorum Est. What are some notable similarities and differences between these two war poets and their poetry?

 Answer : 

Comparative Analysis of Ivor Gurney’s The Target and Wilfred Owen’s Dulce et Decorum Est.

War poetry, as an evocative literary genre, unveils the horrors of conflict, exploring the psychological and physical toll it imposes on individuals. Two renowned war poets, Ivor Gurney and Wilfred Owen, have left an indelible mark on this genre through their poignant works: The Target by Gurney and Dulce et Decorum Est by Owen. While both poets share a focus on the futility and brutality of war, their distinctive experiences and perspectives yield notable similarities and differences in their approach, tone, and thematic concerns.

Overview of the Poets

Ivor Gurney

A soldier-poet who served during World War I, Gurney was not only a gifted poet but also a composer. His work often reflects a deep connection to the countryside and the emotional toll of war. Unlike Owen, Gurney’s poetry is imbued with a unique combination of bitterness and self-reflection, emphasizing the internal struggles of soldiers grappling with their actions during the war.

Wilfred Owen

Widely regarded as one of the most iconic war poets, Owen’s work is rooted in his direct experiences on the Western Front. His poetry is celebrated for its vivid imagery, empathetic tone, and condemnation of the glorification of war. Owen’s untimely death just before the end of World War I solidified his legacy as a voice for the countless soldiers who perished.

Themes in The Target and Dulce et Decorum Est

1. The Reality of War

Both poems dismantle romanticized notions of warfare, confronting the grim and dehumanizing reality of combat.

Gurney’s The Target explores the psychological trauma of a soldier who has killed in battle. The speaker questions the morality of his actions and laments the inevitability of his predicament, revealing the internal conflict faced by those forced to commit atrocities.

 “I shot him, and it had to be / One of us! Twas him or me.”

The soldier's reluctant justification captures the harrowing choices imposed by war.

Owen’s Dulce et Decorum Est focuses on the physical suffering of soldiers. Its visceral imagery portrays a gas attack, laying bare the grotesque realities of trench warfare.

 “He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.”

The haunting description of a soldier dying from gas poisoning highlights the brutal consequences of conflict.

2. Anti-War Sentiments

Both poets unequivocally denounce war, yet their approaches differ.

Gurney’s tone is reflective and sorrowful, emphasizing the personal burden of guilt and loss. The soldier questions whether his actions are justified, revealing a nuanced critique of war’s moral ambiguity.

Owen adopts a more confrontational tone, targeting the propaganda that glorifies war. His famous ending directly challenges the patriotic ideal:

 “The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est / Pro patria mori.”

By labeling the glorification of dying for one’s country as a “lie,” Owen repudiates the societal narratives that lure young men into the horrors of war.

3. Individual versus Collective Experience

In The Target, Gurney focuses on the individual soldier’s internal conflict. The poem’s introspective nature sheds light on the loneliness and moral dilemmas faced by combatants.

 “Oh, God! I’m glad the lad is dead, / For I couldn’t look at his dear head.”

The soldier’s guilt is personal and isolating, reflecting Gurney’s broader focus on the psychological aftermath of war.

In Dulce et Decorum Est, Owen broadens the lens to include the collective suffering of soldiers. His depiction of exhausted troops—“Bent double, like old beggars under sacks”—underscores the shared physical and emotional toll of war.

Imagery and Language

Use of Vivid Imagery

Both poets employ striking imagery to convey the horrors of war:

Gurney’s imagery is understated yet emotionally charged, focusing on the psychological scars of violence.

Owen’s imagery is graphic and visceral, immersing the reader in the grotesque reality of the battlefield.

Tone and Style

Gurney’s tone is introspective and meditative, inviting the reader to empathize with the soldier’s moral struggle. His use of conversational language makes the speaker’s anguish relatable.

Owen’s tone is urgent and accusatory, demanding the reader’s attention to the atrocities of war. His use of irony and bitter sarcasm enhances the emotional impact.

Form and Structure

Gurney employs a simple, almost conversational structure in The Target, reflecting the unvarnished honesty of the speaker’s internal monologue. The poem’s regular rhythm mirrors the inevitability of the soldier’s predicament.

Owen, on the other hand, uses a more dynamic structure in Dulce et Decorum Est. The poem transitions from a slow, plodding rhythm to a chaotic and jarring pace during the gas attack, mirroring the shift from exhaustion to panic.

Key Differences

Aspect	Ivor Gurney (The Target)	Wilfred Owen (Dulce et Decorum Est)
Focus	Personal guilt and moral ambiguity	Collective suffering and societal critique
Tone	Reflective and sorrowful	Confrontational and accusatory
Imagery	Subtle, psychological	Graphic, physical
Critique	Questions individual morality in war	Condemns the glorification of war

Conclusion

Both The Target and Dulce et Decorum Est offer profound insights into the human cost of war, albeit through different lenses. Gurney’s introspective approach contrasts with Owen’s visceral condemnation, yet both poets ultimately underscore the futility and tragedy of conflict. Their works remain timeless reminders of the profound emotional and physical scars left by war, urging readers to reconsider the narratives surrounding heroism and sacrifice. Through their evocative poetry, Gurney and Owen not only document the horrors of World War I but also challenge future generations to reflect on the enduring consequences of warfare.

Bridge Course: T.S. Eliot - Criticism - Tradition and Individual Talent

T.S. Eliot's Concept of Tradition

T.S. Eliot’s essay “Tradition and the Individual Talent” redefines the concept of tradition as a dynamic process integral to literary creation. He challenges the notion of tradition as merely the past, emphasizing its ongoing interaction with the present. Eliot argues that tradition is not a passive inheritance but a deliberate effort requiring historical sense, which connects the present work with the literary past.

Key Aspects of Tradition

1. Interdependence of Past and Present: Eliot believes that "no poet, no artist of any art, has his complete meaning alone." The value of a contemporary work is measured by its relationship to the works of predecessors. This creates a literary continuum where each new work reinterprets and redefines tradition.

2. Organic Nature of Tradition: Tradition is not static or confined to imitation. Instead, it involves “a perception, not only of the pastness of the past but of its presence.” This means the past lives in the present, contributing to and evolving with new works.

3. Critical Framework: Eliot dismisses blind adherence to past forms, advocating for a nuanced engagement. He critiques the tendency to focus solely on originality and stresses the value of integrating individual talent into the broader literary tradition.

Understanding Historical Sense

Eliot defines the historical sense as "a sense of the timeless as well as of the temporal, and of the timeless and of the temporal together." This duality allows a writer to:

Recognize the influence of literary predecessors.

Reinvigorate the tradition by introducing contemporary elements that resonate with timeless themes.

For Eliot, historical sense is not merely about knowledge of literary history but about the ability to synthesize past influences with present insights, making the writer part of a living tradition.

Critical Perspectives

Merits of Eliot’s Concept

Foundation for Literary Criticism: Eliot’s ideas provide a structured framework for understanding how literature evolves. By emphasizing the interconnectedness of works, he fosters a deeper appreciation of literature as a collective cultural artifact.

Encouragement of Innovation: His focus on integrating individuality with tradition allows writers to innovate without losing touch with the broader literary heritage.

Critiques of Eliot’s Concept

Canon Formation: Eliot’s approach has been criticized for reinforcing a predominantly Western literary canon, sidelining diverse voices and traditions.

Ambiguity of Timelessness: The balance between timeless and temporal elements can be subjective, raising questions about who defines tradition and its boundaries.

Relevance for Research Scholars

For scholars, Eliot’s theory emphasizes the importance of understanding literary works within a historical and cultural framework. It calls for rigorous study of the intertextuality and historical context of texts, challenging researchers to explore how tradition shapes and is reshaped by individual creativity.

Words of the Year 2024: Manifest and Brain Rot

Words of the Year 2024: Manifest and Brain Rot

This blog is part of the Sunday reading task assigned by the head of the Department of English (MKBU), Prof. and Dr. Dilip Barad Sir. Here is the link to the professor's blog for background reading: Click here

The Power of Words: How "Brain Rot" and "Manifest" Define Our Times

Words are more than mere tools of communication; they are windows into the zeitgeist, capturing the essence of societal shifts, cultural conversations, and collective emotions. Each year, the Oxford and Cambridge dictionaries announce their Words of the Year, offering us a snapshot of what mattered most in a given moment. In 2024, Oxford crowned "Brain Rot" as its Word of the Year, while Cambridge chose "Manifest." These selections, though vastly different in tone and implication, illuminate the complexities of contemporary life.

A Glimpse at the Words of the Year

"Brain Rot," a phrase gaining traction in youth culture and digital conversations, metaphorically describes the mental stagnation or decline caused by excessive exposure to trivial or harmful content, particularly online. Its rise reflects growing concerns about the impact of digital saturation on mental health and intellectual growth.

On the other hand, Cambridge's "Manifest" strikes a more optimistic note. Rooted in self-empowerment, "Manifest" refers to the act of envisioning and actively bringing desired outcomes into reality. With roots in self-help and spiritual movements, it symbolizes a widespread yearning for agency, hope, and transformation in turbulent times.

Unpacking the Cultural and Societal Significance

The Shadow of "Brain Rot"

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"Brain Rot" encapsulates the darker side of our hyperconnected world. As the digital age continues to dominate, the constant bombardment of information—memes, sensational news, endless scrolling—leaves many feeling mentally fatigued and emotionally drained. Studies have linked excessive screen time with increased anxiety, depression, and a decline in critical thinking skills. The phrase resonates particularly with younger generations, who often find themselves caught in a cycle of passive consumption.

Beyond individual experiences, "Brain Rot" highlights broader societal concerns. It mirrors the decline in attention spans, the erosion of meaningful discourse, and the growing influence of echo chambers. The term serves as both a critique and a warning, urging us to reassess our digital habits before the "rot" sets in irreversibly.

The Light of "Manifest"

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In stark contrast, "Manifest" offers a beacon of hope. As the world grapples with economic uncertainty, climate crises, and social unrest, the act of manifesting has emerged as a popular coping mechanism. Drawing from concepts like the law of attraction, "Manifest" encourages individuals to focus on positive thoughts and intentional actions to create the life they desire.

This word’s rise reflects a collective shift toward introspection and empowerment. While skeptics may dismiss manifesting as wishful thinking, proponents argue that it fosters resilience and clarity. It’s a reminder that, even amid chaos, we can shape our own narratives. The popularity of "Manifest" also speaks to the blending of spirituality and practicality in modern self-help culture, as individuals seek balance in an often overwhelming world.

Personal Reflections: When Worlds Collide

Both "Brain Rot" and "Manifest" struck a chord with me as a postgraduate student, writer, and observer of human behavior. The concept of "Brain Rot" feels all too familiar. In my own life, there have been days when I’ve lost hours to aimless scrolling, only to emerge feeling drained and disconnected. I’ve seen the effects on my students, who struggle to focus in class, their minds often preoccupied with viral trends and fleeting entertainment.

Yet, "Manifest" serves as a counterbalance. It reminds me of the power of intention and discipline in reclaiming control. For instance, when preparing presentations or guiding my students, I’ve learned to set clear goals and visualize success. Manifesting isn’t just about wishful thinking—it’s about taking actionable steps toward a vision. In a way, "Manifest" helps combat the effects of "Brain Rot" by encouraging mindfulness and purpose.

Words That Shape Society

The choice of "Brain Rot" and "Manifest" reflects the duality of modern life: a tug-of-war between distraction and focus, despair and hope. These words aren’t just descriptors; they actively shape how we perceive and navigate the world.

"Brain Rot" pushes us to question the consequences of our digital habits and the value of the content we consume. It’s a call to prioritize meaningful engagement over mindless scrolling. Meanwhile, "Manifest" empowers us to believe in the possibility of change, urging us to envision and work toward better futures.

Conclusion: Language as a Mirror and a Guide

The Words of the Year remind us that language evolves with society, capturing both its challenges and aspirations. "Brain Rot" and "Manifest" are more than trendy phrases—they are reflections of our collective psyche, highlighting the struggles and hopes of a rapidly changing world.

As we move forward, these words challenge us to strike a balance: to stay grounded in reality while daring to dream. They underscore the power of language not only to mirror society but to shape it, reminding us that the words we choose—and the ideas they represent—can influence how we think, communicate, and ultimately live.