Trends and Movements

This blog task is assigned by Megha Trivedi Ma'am (Department of English, MKBU). 

Surrealism in Literature

Introduction

Video link  on Surrealism

Surrealism is a revolutionary artistic and literary movement that emerged in the early 20th century, emphasizing the exploration of the subconscious mind and rejecting conventional logic. It was formally established by André Breton in 1924 through his Manifesto of Surrealism, inspired by Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theories and the anti-establishment sentiments of Dadaism. While surrealism is often associated with visual artists like Salvador Dalí and René Magritte, it began as a literary movement that sought to liberate thought from rational constraints, allowing spontaneous and dreamlike expressions to emerge.

Surrealist literature uses automatism, dream imagery, illogical narratives, and symbolic juxtapositions to explore deep psychological and emotional truths. Emerging in the aftermath of World War I, surrealism was not only an artistic rebellion but also a philosophical movement that challenged the values of a world that had plunged into chaos.

Origins and Historical Context

1. Surrealism and its Reaction to World War I

• Surrealism arose as a reaction against the horrors of World War I, similar to Dadaism, which rejected the logic and morality that had led to mass destruction.

• The war shattered people’s faith in rationality, leading artists and writers to explore the irrational, subconscious, and dreamlike aspects of the human mind.

2. Influence of Sigmund Freud and the Subconscious Mind

• Freud’s theories on dreams, the unconscious, and free association deeply influenced surrealist literature.

• Writers sought to bypass logical thinking by using automatic writing (automatism), allowing thoughts to flow freely without censorship.

• Example: André Breton’s Nadja (1928) combines dreamlike reflections with real-life encounters, blurring the boundary between reality and imagination.

3. Connection to Symbolism and Avant-Garde Movements

• Surrealists drew inspiration from symbolism, particularly the works of Gustave Moreau, which emphasized mysterious imagery and dreamlike visions.

• The movement built on Dadaism’s rebellion against structure but introduced a more structured exploration of subconscious themes.

Key Characteristics of Surrealist Literature

1. Automatism (Automatic Writing) and Stream of Consciousness

• A technique where writers let their thoughts flow spontaneously, avoiding conscious control.

• Example: Breton’s Mad Love (1937) uses fragmented, free-flowing narratives to depict surrealist love and obsession.

2. Dreamlike and Illogical Narratives

• Surrealist texts merge dreams with reality, creating bizarre and unpredictable storylines.

• Example: Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis (1915), where the protagonist wakes up transformed into an insect, reflecting subconscious fears.

3. Unexpected Juxtapositions and the Absurd

• Surrealist literature often combines unrelated images or ideas to provoke new interpretations.

• Example: Leonora Carrington’s The Hearing Trumpet (1976) presents a world where the elderly live in surreal, dystopian conditions with absurd transformations.

4. Themes of Madness, Identity, and the Unconscious

• Many surrealist works explore mental instability, distorted reality, and fragmented identities.

• Example: Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot (1953) portrays an absurd, repetitive world where characters wait endlessly for meaning.

5. Use of Symbolism and Metaphors

• Surrealists often assign deep symbolic meaning to everyday objects.

• Example: In Breton’s works, mirrors and reflections symbolize the duality of the conscious and subconscious mind.

Surrealist Writers and Their Works

• André Breton – Nadja (1928), Mad Love (1937)

• Louis Aragon – Paris Peasant (1926)

• Paul Éluard – Capital of Pain (1926)

• Federico García Lorca – Poet in New York (published posthumously, 1940)

•  René Char – Hypnos (1946)

• Leonora Carrington – The Hearing Trumpet (1976)

Surrealism’s Global Influence and Expansion

1. Surrealist Movement in Art and Literature

• The movement expanded beyond Paris and influenced Belgium, Czechoslovakia, the U.S., and Mexico.

• Example: The 1936 International Surrealist Exhibition in London, where Salvador Dalí famously wore a deep-sea diving suit but nearly suffocated.

2. Migration During World War II

• As World War II devastated Europe, many surrealist artists and writers fled to the Americas, influencing new art movements.

• Surrealism became deeply integrated into Mexican culture, with figures like Leonora Carrington and Remedios Varo creating dreamlike works blending European surrealism with indigenous mythology.

Surrealism’s Impact on Modern Literature and Art

1. Influence on Abstract Expressionism

• In America, surrealists inspired Abstract Expressionists like Jackson Pollock, who used automatism to create spontaneous art.

• Example: Francesca Woodman, a surrealist-inspired photographer, used strange props to distort reality in her images.

2. Surrealism in Contemporary Fiction

Surrealist elements remain alive in modern literature, especially in magical realism and postmodern fiction.

Example:

Haruki Murakami (Kafka on the Shore, The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle) – Combines surrealist imagery with contemporary settings.

Gabriel García Márquez (One Hundred Years of Solitude) – Uses surrealism to blend history with myth and fantasy.

Key Insights and Legacy

1. Surrealism as a Revolutionary Tool

The movement aimed to liberate the human mind from the constraints of rationality, revealing hidden fears and desires.

2. Diverse Artistic Techniques

Surrealists embraced automatism, chance, and unexpected combinations to create unpredictable, dreamlike imagery.

3. Cultural and Political Rebellion

Surrealism was a reaction against war, capitalism, and traditional authority, seeking to shock and provoke change.

4. International Influence and Migration

The movement spread globally, with many artists and writers fleeing Europe during World War II, shaping new art forms.

5. Enduring Impact on Modern Literature and Film

Surrealist themes persist in literature, photography, and film, influencing directors like David Lynch and Guillermo del Toro.

Conclusion

Surrealism in literature challenges the boundaries of reality and imagination, offering a window into the subconscious mind. Through techniques like automatism, dream imagery, and illogical narratives, surrealist writers have transformed literature into a space where rationality dissolves, and new possibilities emerge.

Today, surrealist literature remains a powerful force in experimental fiction, magical realism, and postmodern storytelling, ensuring that its legacy endures in literature, art, and film.

Modernism and Postmodernism in Literature

Introduction

Modernism and postmodernism are two major literary movements that emerged in response to historical, cultural, and philosophical changes. Modernism, which flourished in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, sought to break away from traditional literary forms and explore new ways of representing reality. It emphasized innovation, experimentation, and a deep engagement with human consciousness. Postmodernism, emerging in the mid-20th century, reacted against the ideals of modernism, rejecting the notion of a singular, objective reality. Instead, postmodern literature embraces fragmentation, irony, intertextuality, and self-referentiality, reflecting a world where meaning is unstable and subjective.

Both movements were responses to societal changes, particularly the two World Wars, rapid technological advancements, and shifting philosophical paradigms. While modernist writers sought to find new meaning in an increasingly complex world, postmodernists questioned whether any meaning could truly be fixed at all. This essay explores the key characteristics of both movements, their impact on literature, and the ways they challenge traditional storytelling.

Modernism in Literature

Video on Modernism

Key Characteristics

1. Experimentation with Form and Style

• Modernist writers rejected conventional literary structures, favoring stream-of-consciousness techniques, fragmented narratives, and multiple perspectives.

• James Joyce’s Ulysses (1922) and Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse (1927) exemplify this, using interior monologue and shifting viewpoints to depict the complexities of thought.

2. Rejection of Traditional Narratives

• Unlike 19th-century realist novels that followed linear plots, modernist literature often lacked clear resolutions.

• T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land (1922) is structured as a fragmented collage of voices and allusions, reflecting post-war disillusionment.

3. Focus on Subjectivity and Consciousness

• Influenced by Freud’s theories of the unconscious, modernist literature prioritized inner psychological reality over external events.

• William Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury (1929) captures this through its use of multiple, conflicting narrators.

4. Sense of Alienation and Disillusionment

• After World War I, many modernist writers depicted characters struggling with existential uncertainty and a loss of faith in traditional values.

• F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby (1925) critiques the American Dream, highlighting the emptiness behind material success.

5. Use of Myth and Symbolism

• Writers like T.S. Eliot and James Joyce used mythological references to create deeper meanings.

• Joyce’s Ulysses parallels Homer’s Odyssey, while Eliot’s The Waste Land draws on ancient texts to suggest a loss of spiritual coherence.

Major Modernist Writers

• James Joyce (Ulysses, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man)

• T.S. Eliot (The Waste Land, Four Quartets)

• Virginia Woolf (Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse)

• F. Scott Fitzgerald (The Great Gatsby)

• William Faulkner (The Sound and the Fury)

Postmodernism in Literature

Video on Postmodernism

Key Characteristics

1. Rejection of Grand Narratives

Postmodernism challenges the idea that literature can convey a singular, objective truth.

Jean-François Lyotard, a key postmodern theorist, argued that all knowledge is constructed through subjective narratives.

2. Fragmentation and Non-Linear Structure

Postmodern works often abandon traditional storytelling, embracing non-linear, multi-perspective narratives.

Thomas Pynchon’s Gravity’s Rainbow (1973) is a chaotic, sprawling novel that resists interpretation.

3. Intertextuality and Pastiche

Postmodern literature frequently references other texts, blurring the boundaries between original and borrowed material.

Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale (1985) reinterprets biblical and dystopian themes, engaging with past literary traditions while offering a contemporary critique.

4. Metafiction and Self-Referentiality

Postmodern novels often draw attention to their own artificiality, breaking the fourth wall.

Italo Calvino’s If on a Winter’s Night a Traveler (1979) is a novel about a reader attempting to read a novel, illustrating the unstable nature of storytelling.

5. Irony, Parody, and Playfulness

Postmodernism embraces humor and parody to challenge traditional literary and cultural norms.

Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five (1969) mixes satire with science fiction to critique war and historical memory.

6. Questioning the Stability of Language

Language is seen as unstable and socially constructed, rather than a transparent medium for communication.

Jacques Derrida’s theory of deconstruction suggests that meaning is always shifting, never fixed.

Major Postmodern Writers

• Thomas Pynchon (Gravity’s Rainbow, The Crying of Lot 49)

• Margaret Atwood (The Handmaid’s Tale, Oryx and Crake)

• Italo Calvino (If on a Winter’s Night a Traveler)

• Kurt Vonnegut (Slaughterhouse-Five, Breakfast of Champions)

• Don DeLillo (White Noise, Underworld)

Conclusion

Modernism and postmodernism are two of the most influential movements in literary history. Modernism sought to find new ways to depict reality, exploring deep psychological truths and experimenting with form. Postmodernism, in contrast, questioned whether any truth was stable, embracing playfulness, fragmentation, and intertextuality. While modernism was driven by a sense of disillusionment with the past, postmodernism takes this skepticism further, dismantling the very structures of meaning and representation.

Both movements reflect the historical and cultural changes of their times, responding to war, technology, and shifts in philosophy. Even today, their influence continues to shape contemporary literature, pushing writers to rethink how stories are told and how meaning is created.

  

Dadaism: A Revolutionary Art Movement

Video link on  Dadaism

1. Origins of Dadaism: War, Chaos, and Rebellion

Dadaism emerged in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1916, during the height of World War I. The war had created a world of devastation, and many artists fled their home countries to find refuge in neutral Switzerland. Cabaret Voltaire, founded by Hugo Ball and Emmy Hennings, became the birthplace of the movement, hosting performances, poetry readings, and artistic experiments. The movement's international nature was significant, with artists like Tristan Tzara (Romania), Marcel Janco (Romania), Jean Arp (France), and Richard Huelsenbeck (Germany) contributing to its development.

Dadaism arose as a reaction against war, nationalism, and the established social order. Traditional artistic forms were seen as complicit in the ideologies that led to war, and Dadaists sought to dismantle these conventions. Unlike previous artistic movements that sought aesthetic refinement, Dadaism embraced absurdity, randomness, and meaninglessness, using art as a form of protest.

Example:

A key Dadaist event was the performance of Hugo Ball’s Karawane, a poem composed entirely of nonsense syllables. By removing conventional meaning, Ball emphasized the arbitrary nature of language and human communication, mirroring the chaos of war.

2. The Philosophy of Dadaism: Anti-Art and Absurdity

Dada was more than just an art movement; it was a mindset, a form of intellectual and artistic rebellion. The movement rejected the idea that art should be beautiful or meaningful. Instead, Dadaists embraced randomness, spontaneity, and irrationality, challenging established artistic norms.

André Breton famously described Dada as a state of mind. It was “anti-everything”: anti-war, anti-bourgeois, anti-nationalist, anti-establishment, anti-museum, and anti-materialism. This philosophy aimed to deconstruct all traditional values, replacing them with an anarchic, irreverent approach to creativity.

Jean Arp stated, “Dada is for nature and against art”, highlighting the movement’s rejection of structured artistic expression in favor of spontaneity. This opposition to logic and structure was expressed through unconventional techniques such as automatic writing, collage, and random chance operations.

Example:

Tristan Tzara’s poem-making method involved cutting out words from a newspaper, placing them in a bag, shaking them, and pulling them out at random. This technique undermined traditional poetic composition, reflecting the arbitrary and fragmented nature of modern existence.

3. Dadaist Art: The Role of Chance and Experimentation

Dada art was deliberately irrational, using unconventional materials, absurd juxtapositions, and nonsensical forms. The goal was to challenge the viewer’s expectations and provoke thought about the nature of art itself.

Key Dadaist Techniques:

Collage & Photomontage: The use of cut-out images from newspapers and magazines to create surreal compositions, often with political undertones.

Ready-Mades: Ordinary, mass-produced objects transformed into art by the artist’s choice.

Sound Poetry: The use of phonetic language without semantic meaning.

Performance Art: Theatrical and absurd performances that blurred the lines between art and life.

Jean Arp created his “chance collages” by randomly dropping paper pieces onto a surface and pasting them where they fell. This method eliminated the artist’s control, emphasizing the role of chance in creation.

Example:

Hugo Ball’s sound poetry involved reciting nonsensical syllables in an exaggerated, theatrical manner. This was a rebellion against language, reflecting the fragmentation of meaning caused by war and propaganda.

4. Dada Centers: Zurich, Berlin, Paris, and New York

As the movement spread beyond Zurich, distinct branches of Dadaism emerged, each with its unique approach:

• Zurich (1916-1919)

• The birthplace of Dada, with a focus on performance, absurdity, and sound poetry. 

• Key figures: Hugo Ball, Emmy Hennings, Tristan Tzara, Jean Arp, Marcel Janco. 

• The Cabaret Voltaire became the movement’s experimental hub.

• Berlin Dada (1917-1920): The Most Politicized Branch

• More overtly political, attacking the Weimar Republic, militarism, and capitalism. 

• Leaders: Hannah Höch, Raoul Hausmann, John Heartfield, George Grosz. 

• Innovated photomontage, a technique used to criticize war and propaganda. 

• Example :  Hannah Höch’s Cut with the Kitchen Knife juxtaposed  images of political leaders and mechanical parts, critiquing Germany’s patriarchal and militaristic culture.         

• Paris Dada (1919-1924)

• Shifted toward literature and philosophy, influencing Surrealism.
• Leaders: André Breton, Louis Aragon, Philippe Soupault.
• Dada’s influence gradually merged with Surrealism, leading to a shift in focus from nihilism to subconscious exploration.

• New York Dada (1915-1923): The Home of Ready-Mades

• Less political but highly conceptual, emphasizing the artist’s power to define art.
• Key figure: Marcel Duchamp.
• Duchamp’s Fountain (1917), a urinal signed “R. Mutt,” challenged the very definition of art.

5. The Legacy of Marcel Duchamp and Ready-Mades

Marcel Duchamp revolutionized modern art with his concept of ready-mades, ordinary objects turned into art by the artist’s intent.

His most famous ready-made, Fountain, was a urinal displayed in an art gallery, demonstrating that context and artistic intention could define art.

Duchamp’s work influenced Conceptual Art, Performance Art, and Postmodernism. His assertion that the idea mattered more than the object itself remains foundational in contemporary art.

Example:

Banksy’s self-shredding artwork, Love is in the Bin, is a direct descendant of Dadaist disruption, questioning art’s value and commodification.

6. The Transition from Dada to Surrealism

By the early 1920s, many Dadaists moved toward Surrealism, which retained Dada’s rebellious spirit but introduced deeper psychological exploration. André Breton, originally a Dadaist, became the leader of Surrealism, emphasizing the unconscious mind and dreams.

Surrealism incorporated Dadaist techniques such as automatic writing, collage, and absurd juxtapositions but sought to find meaning in the irrational rather than embrace meaninglessness.

Example:

Salvador Dalí’s The Persistence of Memory reflects both Dadaist absurdity and Surrealist dream imagery, continuing the movement’s legacy in new directions.

7. Dadaism’s Enduring Influence on Contemporary Art

Although Dadaism faded by the mid-1920s, its impact is still felt today. Its radical ideas laid the groundwork for numerous modern movements:

• Conceptual Art: The belief that the idea is more important than the physical artwork.

• Performance Art: The use of the artist’s body as a medium, seen in Marina Abramović’s work.

• Street Art & Political Art: Banksy’s satirical graffiti echoes Dadaist critiques of authority.

• Internet & Meme Culture: The use of absurdity and irony in digital media reflects Dada’s humor and irreverence.

Example:

Maurizio Cattelan’s Comedian (a banana taped to a wall) is a modern reflection of Duchamp’s Fountain, challenging the viewer’s expectations of what constitutes art.

Conclusion: The Revolutionary Spirit of Dada

Dadaism was more than an art movement—it was a radical redefinition of creativity itself. It rejected artistic traditions, embraced chaos, and questioned authority, leaving an indelible mark on the evolution of modern and contemporary art.

Its legacy continues to inspire artists who challenge norms, proving that, as Duchamp suggested, anything can be art—if we decide it is.

References : 

Criel, Gaston. “Surrealism.” Books Abroad, vol. 26, no. 2, 1952, pp. 133–36. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/40090932.

Duignan, Brian. "postmodernism." Encyclopedia Britannica, 10 Feb. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/topic/postmodernism-philosophy.

Fischer, Rachel K., and Aimee Graham. “Postmodernism.” Reference & User Services Quarterly, vol. 54, no. 1, 2014, pp. 29–33. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/refuseserq.54.1.29.

Kristiansen, Donna M. “What Is Dada?” Educational Theatre Journal, vol. 20, no. 3, 1968, pp. 457–62. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3205188.

Kuiper, Kathleen. "Modernism." Encyclopedia Britannica, 4 Apr. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/art/Modernism-art.

Ray, Paul C. “What Was Surrealism?” Journal of Modern Literature, vol. 1, no. 1, 1970, pp. 133–37. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3830976.

Tagore, Rabindranath, and Saroj N. Ray. “Modernism in Literature.” Indian Literature, vol. 6, no. 1, 1963, pp. 1–5. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23329381.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Dada." Encyclopedia Britannica, 28 Mar. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/art/Dada.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Surrealism." Encyclopedia Britannica, 10 Feb. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/art/Surrealism.

Using Gen AI in Literature Classroom: Two Worksheets

 This blog is written as a task assigned by the head of the Department of English (MKBU), Prof. and Dr. Dilip Barad Sir. Here is the link to the professor's blog for background reading: Click here.

Handwrite the worksheets:

Video - 1: The Sheep and the Goat | Waiting for Godot | Samuel Beckett

The video discusses the connection between biblical references of sheep and goats and their implications regarding human behaviour and religious beliefs. It particularly focuses on the parable in the Gospel of Matthew wherein Jesus distinguishes between the ‘sheep’ and the ‘goats,’ representing the righteous and the unrighteous. The speaker explains how the audience's interpretation of this biblical analogy can shine a light on broader themes in humanity, such as fear of punishment versus the love of God. Rather than paint a straightforward picture of good versus evil, the discussion reveals the complexity of these concepts. The video critiques both the traditional understanding of the parable and its application, using insights from the play "Waiting for Godot" by Samuel Beckett to highlight how the distinctions between happiness and unhappiness become muddled, complicating the relationship between humans and the divine. Additionally, the speaker challenges the audience to consider how these religious paradigms can be interpreted in various ways—focusing on docility and adamancy within the debate over spiritual beliefs and practices.

Highlights

Biblical Allusion: The sheep and goats parable speaks to the moral distinctions within humanity.

Fear Over Love: A central theme arises regarding humanity's fear of divine punishment rather than an adherence to divine love.

Right and Left: The designation of sheep on the 'right' and goats on the 'left' highlights a longstanding moral divide in religious and political contexts.

Muddled Happiness: Characters in Beckett's play struggle with the concepts of happiness and unhappiness, challenging traditional notions of fulfillment.

Religious Critique: The interpretation of who is a 'sheep' and who is a 'goat' provides a critique of self-righteousness and hypocrisy.

Human Behaviour: The discussion reflects on the difficulty of changing entrenched beliefs and behaviours in society.

Philosophical Inquiry: The presentation invites deeper philosophical questions about the nature of goodness and the divine judgment system.

 Key Insights

The Complexity of Punishment and Love: The speaker highlights that while most religious texts assert God's love, the fear of punishment often dominates human perceptions. This fear influences moral decisions and may distort the conceptualisation of God, leading to a reliance on retributive justice rather than grace and forgiveness.

  

Subtext in Samuel Beckett's Work: Beckett's literary engagement with biblical themes serves to critique traditional religious narratives. Rather than affirm the division established in the Book of Matthew, Beckett raises questions about fairness in divine judgment. His characters grapple with uncertainty, undermining religious confidence and potentially suggesting that moral categorisation is fraught with ambiguity.

  

Symbolic Interpretation of Right and Left: The dichotomy of right (sheep) and left (goat) transcends mere categorisation of good and evil; it intersects with contemporary political ideologies—those who follow versus those who question authority. The language of the left stems from these very theological discussions, indicating the evolution of societal norms and behaviours over time.

  

Human Nature and Adamancy: The discussion touches upon the inherent stubbornness of both sheep and goats, suggesting that even within docility, there lies an unyielding nature against external influences. This reflects the broader struggle humans face in changing their convictions, particularly when such beliefs are enshrined in cultural or religious identity.

  

Dissonance in Assessing Happiness: The scene from Beckett's play, where characters express uncertainty about their emotional states, invites a reevaluation of what constitutes happiness and the direction of spiritual pursuits. It questions whether the craving for eternal happiness found in religious narratives can coexist with a profound sense of existential plight.

  

Religious and Political Relevance: At the intersection of morality and governance, the video argues that a clear distinction between the 'righteous' and 'unrighteous' becomes cumbersome when scrutinised through behaviour and belief systems. This adds layers of complexity to how societies construct ideals of righteousness in their own contexts.

  

Call for Reflection: Ultimately, the takeaway from this analysis is a call for deeper introspection regarding faith, morality, and personal beliefs. By critiquing established religious narratives and examining the symbols within them, individuals are urged to evaluate their own positions within these frameworks rather than accept traditional dichotomies.

The conversation that unfolds through the video encourages viewers to re-examine their own beliefs in the face of enduring religious and philosophical questions—fostering a greater understanding of the intricate web of morality, authority, and individual agency in the realm of faith and existence.

Video - 2: Hope - Christian Faith or Sartrean Bad Faith | Waiting for Godot | Samuel Beckett

The discussion delves into the complex themes within Samuel Beckett's play, focusing particularly on its religious implications and existential undertones. Initially, the critics debate whether the play conveys a Christian message or reflects broader religious ideologies, including Hindu philosophy. The conversation examines concepts of hope, suffering, and the interdependence of characters Vladimir and Estragon. This exchange extends to broader existential philosophies, addressing the nature of waiting, the implications of faith, and the cyclical nature of human experience. The dialogue suggests that the hope for salvation through waiting, as represented by the character Godot, might ultimately be an evasion of more profound existential truths. The importance of looking beyond mere hope or expectation towards a more realistic understanding of one’s condition is highlighted. By intertwining various philosophical interpretations, the discussion opens avenues for recognising the absurdities inherent in life and the human predicament.

 Highlights

-The play's themes intimately intertwine with Christian and Hindu philosophies, questioning the essence of hope and suffering.

-Beckett's characters embody existential dilemmas, facing a perpetual cycle of waiting that reflects deeper human conditions.

-Writers like Sartre challenge traditional Christian beliefs, examining the nuances of faith and existence.

- The act of waiting becomes a metaphorical representation of life's absurdity and the human struggle for meaning.

- Hope is portrayed as both a lifeline and an avoidance tactic, diverting the characters from facing harsh realities.

-The interdependence of Vladimir and Estragon highlights foundational moral values across religions, illustrating the essence of human compassion.

- The discussion connects contemporary societal issues, such as the impacts of social media, with the nuances of existential philosophy.

 Key Insights

Religious Interpretations: The play's foundation can be interpreted through various religions, particularly Christianity and Hinduism. By drawing parallels with texts like the Bhagavad-Gita, Beckett encourages a multi-faceted understanding of spirituality, portraying human existence as a blend of shared sufferings, ethical dilemmas, and moral lessons. This diversity in interpretation is crucial for understanding the essence of hope and suffering, which resonates across different cultures and religious beliefs.

Existentialism and Human Condition: Focusing on the existential themes of the play, the dialogue unveils characters trapped in a cycle of waiting, reflecting a deeper "human condition" of despair and inertia. It is imperative to engage with the idea that merely existing without confronting the reality of one's circumstances can lead to a mundane life, devoid of meaning or purpose. Waiting, therefore, becomes an allegory for human helplessness, encapsulating the absurd nature of existence.

The Paradox of Time: Time is explored as a concept within the play, illustrating how human beings strive to fill voids through action or inaction. The perpetual waiting significantly demonstrates how time can seem interminable in moments of despair. This aspect of the play articulates a deeper philosophical exploration of time's dual role—being necessary yet often perceived as absurd, ultimately prompting individuals to confront their own existence rather than evade it through waiting.

Hope as Evading Reality: Beckett presents hope not merely as a positive force but as a possible evasion of confronting reality. The recurring motif of Godot serves as a vessel for illustrating how the anticipation of something better can actually hinder one’s ability to face their current condition. The notion of hope becomes a double-edged sword, portraying the delicate balance between aspiration and despair.

Interdependence and Compassion: The relationship between Vladimir and Estragon illustrates fundamental human connections, framed within the context of charity and compassion—a recurring theme in various religious doctrines. Their mutual dependence epitomizes the fundamental Christian value of love and service to others, encouraging audiences to reflect on the significance of interpersonal relationships.

Habitual Nature of Expectation: The conversation draws attention to how human beings often fall into a habitual cycle of waiting and hoping for change without taking active steps towards transformation. This tendency to live in anticipation illustrates a broader commentary on contemporary societal behaviours, where distractions (exemplified by social media) might serve to perpetuate this cycle of inaction and expectation.

Broader Societal Reflection: The discussions invite comparisons with modern issues, particularly in the context of social media habits, drawing parallels with the pervasive cycle of waiting embodied by Godot. The message critiques how contemporary culture encourages an unrealistic expectation of immediate gratification and disillusionment, collectively leading to feelings of anxiety and hopelessness rather than constructive engagement with life.

Conclusion:

The discussion surrounding Samuel Beckett's "Waiting for Godot" traverses multiple layers of existential philosophy, religious thought, and societal critique. It argues that while the play presents significant religious interpretations, its core essence transcends mere religious connotation, delving deeply into human nature's absurdities and the perpetual quest for meaning. The interplay between hope and reality invites a reconsideration of not only personal beliefs but also broader societal behaviours, ultimately urging individuals to confront the transient nature of existence and engage meaningfully with their lives and the world around them. In this examination of the profound implications of waiting, suffering, and connection, Beckett’s work remains a timeless critique of the human condition.

References:

Barad, Dilip. “Hope - Christian Faith or Sartrean Bad Faith | Waiting for Godot | Samuel Beckett.” YouTube, uploaded by DoE-MKBU, 30 Jan. 2023, youtu.be/umeapOKxyds. 

---. “Objectives for Using ChatGPT in Literature Classroom.” Dilip Barad | Teacher Blog, 22 Jan. 2023, blog.dilipbarad.com/2023/01/objectives-for-using-chatgpt-in.html. 

---. “The Sheep and the Goat | Waiting for Godot | Samuel Beckett.” YouTube, uploaded by DoE-MKBU, 26 Jan. 2023, youtu.be/6KJw9LZ_HC8.

Beckett, Samuel. Waiting for Godot: A Tragicomedy in Two Acts. Faber and Faber, 2012.

W.H. Auden’s Vision of War, Poetry, and Power: A Critical Analysis of Three Poems

This blog is written as a task assigned by the head of the Department of English (MKBU), Prof. and Dr. Dilip Barad Sir. Here is the link to the professor's blog link: Click Here.

Critical Analysis of Three Poems by W.H. Auden

Introduction: Auden’s Legacy and the Power of Poetry

W.H. Auden (1907–1973) was a poet of remarkable intellectual depth, social engagement, and literary innovation. His poetry reflects the political and social crises of the 20th century, questioning war, dictatorship, morality, and the role of poetry in shaping human thought. His works blend modernist experimentation with a deep concern for historical and political realities, making him one of the most relevant voices of his time.

This blog presents an extensive critical analysis of three of Auden’s most significant poems:

1. “September 1, 1939” – A reflection on the outbreak of World War II and the moral failures that led to it.

2. “In Memory of W.B. Yeats” – An elegy that examines the nature and endurance of poetry beyond the life of the poet.

3. “Epitaph on a Tyrant” – A chilling exploration of dictatorship and the abuse of power.

These poems, written around the same historical period, offer insights into the nature of power, art, and human responsibility—themes that remain profoundly relevant today.

1. “September 1, 1939”: A Meditation on War and Humanity

Video on September 1 1939 by W H Auden

Historical Context: The Collapse of Peace

• The poem was written on September 1, 1939, the day Germany invaded Poland, triggering World War II.

• The 1930s had been a “low dishonest decade”, marked by appeasement, political betrayals, and the rise of fascism.

• Auden, having moved to New York City, observes the unfolding events from a distance, mirroring the world’s detached reaction to war.

Key Themes: The Failures of Civilization

1. Disillusionment and Fear

The poem begins with a bleak and uncertain tone, reflecting the anxiety, fear, and helplessness felt at the onset of war:

 “I sit in one of the dives

On Fifty-second Street

Uncertain and afraid”

 

• The setting—a bar in New York City—suggests an escape from reality, highlighting how individuals often ignore global crises.

• The phrase “low dishonest decade” encapsulates the moral decay and political failures that enabled war.

2. The Dangers of Nationalism and Totalitarianism

• Auden critiques the blind allegiance to nationalism, which fuels hatred and war.

• He acknowledges that leaders like Hitler thrived because people ignored the warning signs.

• The passivity of democracies in confronting fascism led to its unchecked rise.

3. Love as Resistance

Auden presents love as the only counterforce to destruction:

 “We must love one another or die.”

• This line became one of Auden’s most famous, but he later edited it, questioning whether love alone could truly save humanity.

• The moral ambiguity of this statement reflects Auden’s own doubts about human nature and political inaction.

4. The Role of Poetry in Crisis

Auden contemplates the limitations of poetry in shaping political events:

               “Poetry makes nothing happen.”

• This statement appears pessimistic, but it suggests that while poetry does not directly alter political realities, it provides solace, insight, and moral clarity.

• Auden acknowledges that poetry has power beyond immediate action—it influences thought, shapes memory, and endures through time.

Literary Techniques: Crafting a Political Lament

Imagery:

• "Blind skyscrapers" symbolize a modern world indifferent to human suffering.

• "The cracked tin tray" of the moon suggests fragility, decay, and loss of hope.

Irony and Contrast:

• Auden contrasts personal indifference (the bar setting) with global catastrophe, emphasizing human detachment from war.

Relevance Today: Lessons from History

The poem remains highly relevant in contemporary politics, as the world still grapples with wars, authoritarian regimes, and moral failures in leadership.

Auden’s critique of appeasement and passivity reminds us that history repeats itself when people ignore political threats.

2. “In Memory of W.B. Yeats”: The Role of Poetry in a Changing World

 Video on In Memory of W.B. Yeats by W.H. Auden

Historical Context: An Elegy for a Poet

• Written in 1939, shortly after the death of W.B. Yeats, one of Ireland’s greatest poets.

• Unlike conventional elegies, the poem is not just about Yeats’ death, but about the nature and endurance of poetry itself.

• The timing is significant: Yeats died in a world on the brink of war, making Auden’s reflections on poetry’s relevance especially urgent.

Key Themes: The Immortality of Poetry

1. The Indifference of the World to a Poet’s Death

Auden describes how Yeats’ death is met with silence and coldness:

 “He disappeared in the dead of winter…

The brooks were frozen, the airports almost deserted.”

The imagery of frozen rivers and empty airports symbolizes both literal winter and the emotional coldness of the world toward poetry.

2. The Survival of Poetry Beyond the Poet

Auden asserts that Yeats lives on through his poetry:

 “The words of a dead man are modified in the guts of the living.”

Poetry is not static—it is interpreted differently by each generation, ensuring its continued relevance.

3. The Paradox of Poetry’s Power

Auden famously states:

 “Poetry makes nothing happen.”

At first, this suggests poetry is powerless in politics, but Auden later writes:

 “It survives, a way of happening, a mouth.”

This means poetry does not enact political change directly, but it shapes thoughts, emotions, and future generations.

Literary Techniques: Modernizing the Elegy

Symbolism:

• "Winter" represents death, silence, and the fading of old traditions.

• "Scattered among a hundred cities" suggests Yeats' poetry endures across cultures.

Tone Shifts:

The poem moves from somber reflection to a celebration of poetry’s resilience.

Relevance Today: Poetry in an Age of Crisis

The poem raises an age-old question: Should poetry be politically engaged, or does its power lie in its endurance?

Auden reminds us that while politics is transient, poetry transcends generations.

3. “Epitaph on a Tyrant”: A Chilling Portrait of Dictatorship

Video on Epitaph on a Tyrant by W H Auden 

Historical Context: A Warning Against Tyranny

• Written in 1939, during the rise of Hitler, Stalin, and other totalitarian leaders.

• The poem does not name any one tyrant, making it a universal warning against dictatorship.

Key Themes: The Nature of Tyranny

The Deception of Power:

 “Perfection, of a kind, was what he was after.”

Dictators claim to seek order, but their rule is built on oppression and control.

The Role of Propaganda:

 “The poetry he invented was easy to understand.”

Tyrants simplify language and manipulate history to control people.

The Tragic Cost of Absolute Power:

 “When he laughed, respectable senators burst with laughter.

And when he cried, the little children died in the streets.”

The dictator’s whims determine the fate of millions, exposing the horrific imbalance of power.

Relevance Today: The Persistence of Authoritarianism

• The poem warns against blind loyalty, propaganda, and political manipulation.

• Auden reminds us that tyranny thrives when people fail to resist it.

Conclusion: Auden’s Timeless Relevance

Auden’s poetry challenges us to question power, reflect on history, and recognize poetry’s ability to shape thought. His words remain as relevant today as they were in his own time, serving as both a warning and a source of hope.

Worksheet : 

References :

Auden, W. H. “Epitaph on a Tyrant.” Poets.org, 1940, poets.org/poem/epitaph-tyrant. 

---. “In Memory of W. B. Yeats.” Poets.org, 1939, poets.org/poem/memory-w-b-yeats. 

---. “September 1, 1939.” Poets.org, 1939, poets.org/poem/september-1-1939. 

Barad, Dilip. “Epitaph on a Tyrant | W H Auden | 2021 05 05 | Sem 2 Hybrid Classes.” YouTube, uploaded by DoE-MKBU, 5 May 2012, youtu.be/ZnqPB0mjoq8. 

---. “In Memory of W.B. Yeats | W.H. Auden | Sem 2: Hybrid Classes | 2021 05 07.” YouTube, uploaded by DoE-MKBU, 7 May 2021, youtu.be/L-85uCBN0SI. 

---. “September 1 1939 | W H Auden | Sem 2 Hybrid Classes 2021 05 06.” YouTube, uploaded by DoE-MKBU, 6 May 2021, youtu.be/VmGlS-ZT8MU. 

---. “W.H. Auden’s Poems.” Dilip Barad | Teacher Blog, 22 May 2021, blog.dilipbarad.com/2021/05/wh-auden-poems.html. 

Ralph Waldo Emerson and his works

This blog task is assigned by Prakruti Bhatt Ma'am (Department of English, MKBU). Click here to visit the teacher's lesson on TED-Ed.

Video on LITERATURE - Ralph Waldo Emerson

 Introduction

• Ralph Waldo Emerson is considered the father of American literature.

• His essays in the mid-19th century transformed America's cultural and artistic perspective.

• He encouraged a break from European literary traditions, stating, "We have listened too long to the Courtly muses of Europe."

• His rejection of cultural traditions led to what was called "America's intellectual declaration of independence."

• He introduced themes of generational conflict and transformation in American literature.

Early Life

• Emerson was born in 1803 in Boston, the son of a preacher.

• He descended from a long line of New England ministers rooted in 17th-century Puritanism.

• After his father's death in 1811, his mother took in boarders to support the family.

• He attended Harvard in 1817 and later entered Harvard Divinity School in 1825.

• His influential aunt, Mary Moody Emerson, exposed him to literature, nature, and piety, shaping his intellectual growth.

Nature and Literature

• Ordained as a minister in 1829, he married Ellen Tucker the same year.

• Ellen's death from tuberculosis in 1831 led him to resign from the church.

• He traveled to Europe in 1832, which had a profound impact on his thinking.

• In Paris, he had an epiphany at the "Jardin des Plantes," realizing that nature was within him.

• Meeting English Romantic poets like Coleridge and Wordsworth, he found them uninspiring, leading to his belief that ordinary people could be great.

• This led to his core ideas: the unity of man and nature, and the uniqueness of every individual.

American Originality

• Returning to America in 1833, he became a professional lecturer.

• He remarried, had children, and appeared conventional, but his ideas remained radical.

• His 1836 essay Nature emphasized American originality, urging a shift from European traditions.

• He argued that the present moment is more important than history or tradition.

• Emerson insisted that America should look within itself rather than to its past.

Self-Reliance

• Emerson believed individuals were trapped by tradition, religion, and societal expectations.

• He urged people to free themselves from these constraints and trust their own intuition.

• He criticized history, religion, and society for limiting personal growth.

• His philosophy of "Self-Reliance" emphasized individual integrity above all else.

• He viewed nature as a divine force, advocating for Pantheism—the belief that God exists in all of creation.

• He famously wrote, "The individual is a God in ruins," suggesting people have the potential to rediscover their divine essence.

The Transparent Eyeball and Transcendentalism

• Emerson described a transcendent moment in nature where he felt connected to the universe:

• "I become a transparent eyeball... I see all... I am part or particle of God."

• This idea became central to Transcendentalism, a movement that emphasized nature, spirituality, and self-reliance.

• Emerson saw God not just in grand landscapes but in everyday experiences, even "snow puddles."

The Ordinary

• Emerson valued the ordinary, believing that everyday life was worthy of literature.

• He wrote, "There is no object so foul that intense light will not make it beautiful."

• His influence led to a new wave of American literature:
• Henry David Thoreau’s Walden found the cosmos in a simple pond.
• Walt Whitman credited Emerson for igniting his poetic inspiration.
• Emily Dickinson and Herman Melville drew from his ideas to redefine American literature.

Legacy

• 20th-century critic Harold Bloom credited Emerson with shaping modern American poetry.

• His legacy is one of innovation, rejecting the past in favor of endless exploration.

• As Emerson put it: "I unsettle all things… I simply experiment, an endless seeker with no past at my back."

Answer the following open ended questions in your blog and submit it in your google classroom:

1) In your opinion, which of the following factors can define an individual's identity/nature: 1) Their Speech 2) Their Behavior 3) Their Choices of Material Possession 4) The things that they hide from everybody. Justify your answer.

Defining an Individual’s Identity and Nature: A Literary Perspective

Identity is a complex and fluid construct that evolves over time, shaped by a multitude of external influences and internal reflections. As a postgraduate student of English literature, I perceive identity as an intricate interplay of speech, behavior, material possessions, and hidden aspects of the self. While all these elements contribute to defining an individual’s nature, their significance varies depending on the philosophical, psychological, and literary lenses through which we analyze them.

1. Speech: The Power of Expression

Language is one of the most vital components of identity. The way individuals articulate their thoughts, the words they choose, and the tone they adopt often reflect their upbringing, education, and emotional state. Speech serves as a medium of self-representation—sometimes consciously curated, sometimes an unconscious revelation of deeper thoughts.

Ralph Waldo Emerson, in his essay Self-Reliance, emphasizes the importance of authentic self-expression. He argues that one's words should be a direct reflection of one’s inner convictions rather than a mere echo of societal expectations. Similarly, Shakespeare's characters often reveal their psychological depth through soliloquies—Hamlet’s “To be or not to be” is a prime example of how speech can reflect internal conflicts and existential dilemmas.

However, speech alone is not a foolproof indicator of an individual’s true nature. It can be deceptive, performative, or influenced by external pressures. A person may say what is socially acceptable rather than what they genuinely believe, making speech an unreliable sole determinant of identity.

2. Behavior: Actions Speak Louder Than Words

While speech can be manipulated, behavior often provides a more accurate insight into a person's character. Our actions in moments of crisis, our treatment of those who can do nothing for us, and our everyday habits contribute significantly to shaping our identity.

For instance, in Pride and Prejudice, Mr. Darcy’s reserved nature initially misleads Elizabeth Bennet into misjudging his character. However, his actions—his quiet assistance to Lydia, his genuine care for his loved ones—reveal his true nature more effectively than his words ever could. Literature often portrays behavior as the most reliable indicator of a person’s essence, reinforcing the idea that one’s deeds define them more than their declarations.

That said, behavior can sometimes be socially conditioned. People may act in accordance with societal expectations rather than their true inclinations. Thus, while behavior is a significant determinant of identity, it is not the sole defining factor.

3. Material Possessions: A Reflection or a Mask?

Material possessions often serve as outward symbols of identity. The objects we choose to own—books, clothes, art, gadgets—can reflect our tastes, aspirations, and social status. In The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby’s lavish possessions are a projection of his desire for status and lost love. His mansion, his collection of expensive shirts, and his extravagant parties all serve as extensions of his identity, even though they do not fully reveal his true self.

However, material possessions can also be misleading. Consumer culture encourages people to use objects as a means of crafting a particular image rather than reflecting their true nature. Someone may own books without reading them, wear designer clothes without appreciating their craftsmanship, or surround themselves with symbols of wealth to mask insecurities. Therefore, while material possessions may provide glimpses into a person’s nature, they are not always accurate reflections of it.

4. The Things We Hide: The Most Honest Reflection of Identity

Perhaps the most revealing aspect of a person’s identity lies in what they choose to conceal. Our fears, suppressed desires, regrets, and hidden thoughts often constitute the most genuine part of who we are. Gothic literature, with its exploration of the subconscious, frequently delves into this hidden aspect of identity. In Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dr. Jekyll’s suppressed urges manifest as Mr. Hyde, illustrating the notion that what we hide can be the most defining part of us.

Virginia Woolf’s Orlando also explores the fluidity of identity, questioning whether our outward expressions truly define us or whether our concealed emotions and experiences shape us more profoundly. The things we hide may stem from social constraints, personal insecurities, or moral dilemmas, but they often hold the rawest truths about who we are.

Conclusion: A Synthesis of Factors

No single factor—speech, behavior, possessions, or secrets—can exclusively define a person’s identity. Instead, identity is a dynamic combination of all these elements, influenced by cultural, psychological, and existential forces. While speech provides a glimpse into one’s thoughts, behavior often reveals truer aspects of character. Material possessions can reflect identity, but they can also serve as masks. Meanwhile, the things we hide may hold the deepest truths about us.

Ultimately, identity is an evolving narrative, shaped by both what we reveal and what we conceal. As literature teaches us, self-awareness and self-acceptance are key to understanding one’s nature. The question of identity remains open-ended—just as each individual is a unique story, ever-changing and never fully deciphered.

2) Do you agree with Emerson's view that every individual is inherently good? If yes, why? If not, why not?

The Inherent Goodness of Individuals: A Critical Perspective

Ralph Waldo Emerson, as a leading figure of the Transcendentalist movement, firmly believed in the inherent goodness of individuals. His philosophy, deeply rooted in self-reliance, nature, and individualism, suggests that every person possesses an innate moral compass that guides them toward truth and virtue. While Emerson’s idealistic view is inspiring and aligns with the fundamental principles of humanism, the question of whether every individual is inherently good remains complex and open to debate.

As a postgraduate student of English literature, my perspective is shaped by both literary and philosophical explorations of human nature. While I acknowledge the optimism in Emerson’s belief, I argue that human nature is not solely defined by inherent goodness; rather, it is shaped by a mixture of innate tendencies, societal influences, personal experiences, and psychological complexities. The human soul contains both light and shadow, and the extent to which goodness prevails depends on various factors.

Emerson’s Perspective: The Divine Spark in Humanity

Emerson, in his essay Self-Reliance, emphasizes the concept of inner divinity. He posits that every individual carries a spark of the divine and, if left to their own devices without societal corruption, they will naturally gravitate toward goodness. This belief stems from Transcendentalism’s assertion that humans and nature are inherently pure and that moral corruption arises primarily from societal constraints rather than from individual flaws.

In Nature, Emerson further argues that by immersing oneself in the natural world, an individual can reconnect with their intrinsic goodness and wisdom. He sees nature as a mirror reflecting the purity and potential of the human soul. From this standpoint, Emerson’s view is profoundly optimistic, envisioning a world where people, if they trust their instincts and reject societal conformity, can embody truth and righteousness.

A Literary Counterargument: The Complexity of Human Nature

While Emerson’s belief in inherent goodness is inspiring, literature across cultures presents a more nuanced view of human nature—one that acknowledges both virtue and vice. Many literary works explore the duality within individuals, illustrating that goodness is not always an innate quality but rather something that must be cultivated through conscious effort and moral choices.

1. Shakespeare’s Exploration of Good and Evil

Shakespeare’s tragedies, particularly Macbeth and Othello, serve as profound studies of human nature. Macbeth, once a noble and loyal soldier, succumbs to ambition and commits heinous acts. His downfall suggests that external influences (such as the witches' prophecies and Lady Macbeth’s manipulation) can corrupt an individual’s moral center. If every human were inherently good, as Emerson suggests, then how do we account for Macbeth’s descent into tyranny? His trajectory indicates that individuals possess both good and evil impulses, and the choices they make determine which side dominates.

2. William Golding’s Lord of the Flies: The Fallacy of Inherent Goodness

In Lord of the Flies, a group of schoolboys stranded on an island gradually descends into savagery. Initially governed by the rules of civilization, they eventually shed their moral constraints, revealing a more primal, violent side of human nature. Golding’s novel suggests that without the structures of society, people do not naturally gravitate toward goodness but rather toward power, domination, and chaos. This directly challenges Emerson’s idea that society corrupts the individual; instead, it posits that civilization restrains the darker aspects of human nature.

3. The Existentialist Perspective: Freedom and Responsibility

Philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre and Friedrich Nietzsche argue that individuals are not inherently good but rather possess the freedom to shape their own morality. Sartre, in particular, emphasizes that humans are “condemned to be free,” meaning they must take full responsibility for their actions rather than relying on any predetermined essence of goodness. This view aligns with literature that portrays individuals as neither purely good nor purely evil but as complex beings capable of both.

The Role of Society and Moral Development

If human nature is not inherently good, then what role does society play in shaping morality? Contrary to Emerson’s belief that society corrupts individuals, many thinkers argue that moral education, cultural norms, and ethical teachings help cultivate goodness rather than hinder it.

1. Psychological and Social Conditioning

Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory suggests that human beings possess an id (primitive desires), an ego (rational self), and a superego (moral consciousness). The superego, which governs ethical behavior, is largely shaped by social norms and upbringing. This implies that goodness is not entirely innate but rather instilled through moral education and societal expectations.

2. The Impact of Environment on Moral Development

Real-world examples show that human behavior is significantly influenced by upbringing and environment. A child raised in a nurturing environment with strong moral guidance is more likely to exhibit kindness and empathy, whereas one exposed to violence and neglect may develop harmful tendencies. This further complicates Emerson’s claim, as it suggests that goodness is not inherent but cultivated through experience.

The Dual Nature of Humanity: A Balanced Perspective

Rather than accepting Emerson’s view wholesale or rejecting it outright, I believe that human nature is a duality—a fusion of both goodness and moral ambiguity. Literature, history, and psychology demonstrate that individuals possess the potential for both altruism and selfishness, for both kindness and cruelty.

The ability to choose goodness is what makes moral integrity meaningful. If individuals were inherently good, morality would require no effort or self-reflection. However, the fact that people must navigate ethical dilemmas, resist temptation, and cultivate virtue through conscious effort suggests that goodness is not an automatic trait but a chosen path.

As a postgraduate student of literature, I find Emerson’s idealism valuable in its encouragement of self-trust and personal growth. However, I also recognize that human nature is far more complex than the Transcendentalist vision suggests. Literature teaches us that identity is fluid, and goodness is something to be nurtured, not assumed.

Ultimately, while I admire Emerson’s optimism, I do not fully agree that every individual is inherently good. Instead, I believe that individuals are shaped by a combination of internal inclinations and external influences, and it is through self-awareness and conscious moral effort that one can truly embody goodness.

3) Quote at least one line from the original essay which you found relatable and discuss how it can be relevant in today's time.

One of the most profound lines from Ralph Waldo Emerson’s essay Self-Reliance is:

“Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string.”

This simple yet powerful statement captures the essence of Emerson’s philosophy, emphasizing the importance of self-trust, independence, and inner conviction. As a postgraduate student of literature, I find this idea deeply relatable, not only in personal growth but also in the broader context of contemporary society.

Relevance in Today’s Time

In the 21st century, the pressure to conform has intensified due to social media, societal expectations, and professional demands. Many individuals struggle with self-doubt, constantly seeking validation from others rather than trusting their instincts. Emerson’s words serve as a reminder that true fulfillment comes from self-belief rather than external approval.

Personal Growth and Decision-Making

In today’s fast-paced world, people often hesitate to take risks due to fear of failure or societal judgment. Emerson encourages individuals to trust their unique perspectives and capabilities. Whether choosing a career path, making artistic decisions, or standing by personal values, self-trust is essential for growth.

The Age of Social Media and Individualism

Social media platforms create a culture of comparison, where people measure their worth based on likes, followers, and societal trends. Emerson’s philosophy urges individuals to disconnect from these external influences and focus on their inner voice. Authenticity, rather than conformity, leads to true self-expression and fulfillment.

Innovation and Leadership

Many great thinkers, entrepreneurs, and leaders have succeeded because they trusted their instincts. From scientific breakthroughs to artistic revolutions, progress is driven by individuals who challenge norms and believe in their vision. Emerson’s words remind us that groundbreaking ideas often arise from self-reliance.

Mental Well-Being

Trusting oneself also plays a crucial role in mental health. Constantly seeking external validation can lead to anxiety and self-doubt. By embracing self-trust, individuals can cultivate resilience and confidence, fostering a healthier mindset.

Conclusion

Emerson’s call to “trust thyself” remains as relevant today as it was in the 19th century. In a world that often pressures individuals to fit a mold, his words serve as a guiding principle for self-empowerment, authenticity, and personal fulfillment. By embracing self-reliance, we can navigate challenges with confidence, make meaningful contributions, and live life with a sense of purpose.

References

Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Essays, by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Project Gutenberg, 2005, www.gutenberg.org/files/16643/16643-h/16643-h.htm.