Death of a salsmen themes

 Themes in Arthur Miller's play "Death of a Salesman" presented :

1. American Dream:

   - The pursuit of success and material wealth as a fundamental aspect of the American Dream.

   - The disillusionment and ultimate failure of the American Dream for Willy Loman and his family.

2. Identity and Self-Worth:

   - Willy's struggle to define his identity and find self-worth through his career.

   - The impact of societal expectations on one's sense of self.

3. Family and Relationships:

   - The strained relationship between Willy and his sons, Biff and Happy.

   - The consequences of Willy's obsession with work on his family's well-being.

4. Reality vs. Illusion:

   - The contrast between Willy's delusions and the harsh reality of his situation.

   - The theme of living in a world of illusions to escape painful truths.

5. Capitalism and Consumerism:

   - Critique of the capitalist system and its effects on individuals like Willy.

   - The emphasis on material success and the commodification of human worth.

6. Betrayal and Abandonment:

   - Biff's sense of betrayal and abandonment by his father.

   - Willy's feelings of betrayal by the business world and by his own family.

7. Death and the American Dream:

   - The play's title itself highlights the theme of death and its connection to the pursuit of the American Dream.

   - The tragic ending underscores the cost of Willy's dreams and illusions.

8. Isolation and Loneliness:

   - The isolation experienced by Willy, who feels disconnected from those around him.

   - The loneliness that results from pursuing the American Dream at the expense of meaningful relationships.

9. Flashbacks and Time:

   - The use of flashbacks to explore the past and its impact on the present.

   - The non-linear narrative structure highlighting the fluidity of time in memory.

10. The Common Man:

    - The portrayal of Willy Loman as an ordinary, working-class individual facing universal human struggles.

    - A commentary on the struggles and aspirations of everyday people.

These themes collectively contribute to the depth and complexity of "Death of a Salesman" as a commentary on American society and the human condition.

Death of a salsmen

 "Death of a Salesman" by Arthur Miller is divided into two acts. Here's a summary of each act:

Act 1:

- The play begins with Willy Loman, a traveling salesman, returning home exhausted from a business trip.

- Willy's wife, Linda, worries about his mental state and the family's financial troubles.

- We meet Willy's two sons, Biff and Happy, who are struggling to find their paths in life.

- Willy has flashbacks to his past, reliving moments of success and disappointment.

- He is also haunted by the memory of his brother Ben, who became wealthy in Alaska.

- Act 1 revolves around Willy's disillusionment with the American Dream and his strained relationships with his family.

Act 2:

- Act 2 shifts between the present and various flashbacks.

- Willy's mental state deteriorates further, and he has conversations with imaginary figures from his past.

- Biff and Happy's attempts to succeed in the business world are failing.

- Biff confronts Willy about his unrealistic expectations and the lies he has been living.

- Linda tries to protect Willy but also faces the harsh reality of their situation.

- Ultimately, Willy's despair leads to a tragic and fatal decision, believing that his life insurance policy will provide for his family.

In "Death of a Salesman," Arthur Miller explores themes of the American Dream, identity, and the destructive effects of delusion and disillusionment. The play is a powerful critique of the pursuit of success and the toll it can take on individuals and their families.

DEATH OF A SALESMAN BY ARTHER MILLER

INTRODUCTION OF AUTHOR: 

 Arthur Miller was a prominent American playwright and essayist best known for his works exploring the complexities of human nature and society. His writings often delved into themes such as the American Dream, the consequences of moral choices, and the impact of societal pressures on individuals. Through his thought-provoking plays, Miller not only entertained but also challenged audiences to reflect on the moral dilemmas of their time. His enduring legacy in American literature and theater continues to inspire discussions about the human condition.

INTRODUCTION OF PLAY: 

"The Death of a Salesman" is a renowned American play written by Arthur Miller. It premiered in 1949 and is considered a classic of American theater. The story revolves around the life and struggles of Willy Loman, a traveling salesman who becomes disillusioned with the American Dream. As he grapples with his perceptions of success and failure, the play explores themes of family, identity, and the cost of pursuing the elusive dream of financial success. With its powerful portrayal of the human condition and the harsh realities of the American Dream, "Death of a Salesman" remains a thought-provoking and timeless work of literature.

Characters : 

Examine the major themes of disillusionment, identity, and the American Dream in "DEATH OF SALESMAN". 

"The Death of a Salesman" by Arthur Miller is a classic American play that explores several major themes, including disillusionment, identity, and the American Dream. Here are some examples of these themes in the play:

1. Disillusionment:

   - Willy Loman's Disillusionment:

 The central character, Willy Loman, is the epitome of disillusionment. He believes in the American Dream, which promises success and prosperity through hard work and charisma. However, as the play unfolds, it becomes evident that Willy's belief in this dream has led to his disillusionment, as he struggles to achieve it and ultimately faces failure.

   - Biff's Disillusionment:

 Biff, Willy's son, is another character who experiences disillusionment. He once believed in his father's values and dreams but later realizes the emptiness of Willy's aspirations and chooses a different path in life.

2. Identity:

   - Willy's Identity Crisis: 

Willy grapples with his identity throughout the play. He struggles to reconcile his self-image as a successful salesman with the reality of his failures. This internal conflict leads to his declining mental state and eventual demise.

   - Biff's Quest for Identity:

 Biff's search for his own identity is a significant subplot. He rejects his father's expectations and attempts to find his sense of self, separate from the materialistic values Willy embodies.

3. The American Dream:

   - Willy's Pursuit of the American Dream:

 Willy is fixated on the American Dream of success and material wealth. He believes that being well-liked and having a charismatic personality is enough to achieve it. However, his relentless pursuit of this dream ultimately leads to his downfall, as he sacrifices his family and mental well-being in the process.

 The Illusory Nature of the American Dream:

 Through Willy's experiences, the play highlights the illusory nature of the American Dream. It suggests that success is not solely determined by charisma and appearance but also by hard work, skill, and self-awareness.

   - The Contrast with Bernard: 

Bernard, Biff's childhood friend, represents an alternative interpretation of the American Dream. He works hard, achieves academic success, and becomes a successful lawyer. His success contrasts sharply with Willy's vision of the dream, emphasizing the importance of effort and dedication.

CONCLUSION: 

In "The Death of a Salesman," Arthur Miller uses these themes to critique the shallow pursuit of the American Dream and to explore the impact of disillusionment on individuals and their identities, particularly within the context of a family. The play serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of blindly chasing a dream without introspection and self-awareness.

BELOVED BY TONI MORRISON

INTRODUCTION OF AUTHOR: 

Toni Morrison, the acclaimed author, was known for her powerful exploration of themes related to race, identity, and the African-American experience in her novels. Her main point revolved around the importance of acknowledging and confronting the legacy of slavery, racism, and oppression in American history while also celebrating the resilience, strength, and beauty of the African-American community. She often delved into the complexities of human relationships and the enduring impact of the past on the present. Ultimately, her works aimed to provoke thought, promote empathy, and encourage dialogue about these critical issues.

INTRODUCTION OF NOVEL: 

"Beloved" by Toni Morrison is a haunting and powerful novel that explores the enduring legacy of slavery in America. Set in the post-Civil War era, the story revolves around the character Sethe, a former slave who escapes to Ohio but is haunted by the ghost of her deceased daughter, known as Beloved. This novel delves deep into the psychological and emotional scars of slavery while addressing themes of identity, motherhood, and the struggle for freedom. Through its evocative storytelling, "Beloved" serves as a poignant reminder of the painful history of slavery and its lingering impact on individuals and society.

In Toni Morrison's "BELOVED", how does the haunting past of slavery shape the characters' present lives and decisions? 

In Toni Morrison's 'Beloved,' the haunting past of slavery profoundly shapes the characters' present lives and decisions. The novel delves into the enduring trauma and psychological scars of slavery, particularly on the protagonist Sethe, and those around her.

1. Sethe's Character Development: 

Sethe's traumatic experience of escaping from Sweet Home and the brutality she endured there continue to affect her. Her decision to kill her child, Beloved, was driven by the fear of having her daughter experience the horrors of slavery. This act, while motivated by love, haunts Sethe throughout the novel, affecting her self-perception and decisions.

2. Beloved's Arrival: 

The appearance of the character Beloved, who may be the reincarnation of Sethe's murdered child, represents the inescapable return of the past. Beloved's presence reopens old wounds and forces the characters to confront their traumatic histories.

3. Paul D's Emotional Scars: 

Paul D, another former slave at Sweet Home, is emotionally scarred by the traumatic events of his past. His inability to fully connect with Sethe is a direct result of the dehumanizing experiences they endured together.

4. Community and Identity: 

The wider community of African Americans in the novel also grapples with the legacy of slavery. Their collective history of suffering influences their sense of identity and belonging, as well as their decisions regarding how to cope with the ongoing challenges they face.

5. Themes of Isolation and Guilt: 

The characters in 'Beloved' grapple with isolation and guilt stemming from their experiences with slavery. This isolation affects their relationships and decisions, as they struggle to find solace and connection in a world that still bears the scars of slavery.

Sethe's isolation is evident in her self-imposed exile from the African American community in Cincinnati. She lives in a haunted house and avoids contact with others, reflecting her emotional isolation due to her guilt.

- Beloved's isolation is depicted through her enigmatic nature and her inability to connect with others. She is a ghostly presence, both literally and figuratively, highlighting her isolation from the living.

- Sethe's guilt is portrayed when she tries to justify her actions to Paul D and others, demonstrating her inner turmoil and the heavy burden of guilt she carries.

- Paul D's guilt is evident in his struggle to open up emotionally and form a deep connection with Sethe. He fears that his presence will only bring more pain to her life.

6. Interplay of Time:

 The novel's narrative structure, which weaves between past and present, underscores how the past is not a distant memory but a living presence that continues to shape the characters' lives.

Conclusion : 

In essence, 'Beloved' is a poignant exploration of how the haunting legacy of slavery, with its physical and psychological traumas, permeates the characters' lives and profoundly influences their choices, relationships, and sense of self. The novel skillfully demonstrates how the past is never truly past and continues to exert its influence on the present.

Heart Of Darkness as a Colonial Novel.

INTRODUCTION OF AUTHOR: 

 Joseph Conrad was a Polish-British author known for his novels exploring themes of colonialism, human nature, and the consequences of imperialism. Some of his notable works include "Heart of Darkness" and "Lord Jim." Conrad's writing often delved into the psychological complexities of his characters and the dark aspects of human existence.

INTRODUCTION OF NOVELLA: 

Heart of Darkness" is a novella written by Joseph Conrad, first published in 1899. It is considered one of the seminal works of English literature. Set in the Congo Free State during the late 19th century, the story follows the journey of Charles Marlow, an Englishman, as he ventures into the African interior in search of the enigmatic ivory trader Kurtz. The novella explores themes of imperialism, colonialism, human nature, and the darkness that can reside within the human soul. "Heart of Darkness" is known for its rich symbolism and its powerful exploration of the moral and psychological consequences of European colonization in Africa. 

Introduction Of Colonialism and its Impact on Indigenous  People: 

Colonialism is a system in which one group or nation establishes control over another region, often exploiting its resources and subjugating its indigenous people. In "Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad, colonialism is portrayed through the colonization of Africa by European powers.

Impact on Indigenous People:

1. Physical: Indigenous people often suffered from forced labor, violence, and diseases brought by the colonizers. In the novel, the brutal treatment of African laborers is evident, such as the character of Mr. Kurtz.

2. Mental: Colonialism could lead to a loss of cultural identity and self-worth among indigenous populations. Many characters in the novel, including Kurtz, experience a profound psychological toll due to the harsh conditions and moral degradation associated with colonialism.

3. Social: The social fabric of indigenous societies was disrupted as traditional hierarchies were dismantled. In "Heart of Darkness," the European colonizers disrupt local societies, leading to chaos and conflict among the native people.

4. Political: Indigenous autonomy and governance systems were often replaced by colonial rule. In the novel, the European colonial powers assert their dominance over the African regions, effectively erasing indigenous political structures.

Colonial Setting: 

"Heart of Darkness"  is set in the late 19th century during the height of European colonialism in Africa. The novella explores the journey of the protagonist, Marlow, as he travels deep into the Congo River basin in search of the enigmatic ivory trader Kurtz. This colonial setting serves as a backdrop to examine the dark and oppressive aspects of European imperialism, as well as the moral decay it can induce in individuals and societies. The story sheds light on the brutality, exploitation, and cultural clash that characterized this historical period.

Imperialism and power: 

Imperialism, the extension of a nation's authority over other lands, has long been a subject of debate and analysis, particularly in the context of power dynamics. In Joseph Conrad's novella "Heart of Darkness,"  we witness a vivid portrayal of the brutal consequences of European imperialism in Africa. Through the experiences of the protagonist, Charles Marlow, and the enigmatic character of Kurtz, Conrad delves into the complex interplay between imperialism and the corrupting influence of power. This narrative not only serves as a compelling example of the destructive nature of unchecked power within the imperialist framework but also highlights the moral and psychological dimensions of such domination, raising profound questions about the human capacity for darkness when driven by ambition and authority.

Characters : 

"The Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad features complex and morally ambiguous characters. Here's a brief evaluation of some key characters:

1. Marlow: The protagonist and narrator, Marlow is a sailor who embarks on a journey into the Congo. He's a symbol of the ordinary man trying to navigate the darkness of human nature. He's curious, observant, and increasingly disillusioned as he witnesses the horrors of colonialism.

2. Kurtz: Kurtz is a mysterious and enigmatic figure in the story. He represents the corrupting influence of power and the darkness that can consume even the most civilized individuals. His descent into madness and brutality in the heart of Africa is a central theme.

3. The Manager: The Manager is a symbol of the bureaucracy and inefficiency of colonialism. He's more concerned with his career and status than with the well-being of the native people or the success of the company's mission.

4. The Native Africans: They are largely portrayed as voiceless victims of European imperialism. They suffer greatly under the brutal rule of the Company and the exploitation of their land and resources.

5. The Intended: Kurtz's fiancée back in Europe represents the naïve and idealized image of civilization. Her love for Kurtz is based on a romanticized version of him, and she is unaware of the darkness he has become.

These characters serve as vehicles for exploring themes of imperialism, the human capacity for evil, and the clash of cultures. Conrad's portrayal of them is layered and invites readers to reflect on the complexities of human nature and society.

Racism and othering: 

The novel explores themes of racism and othering. It is set in the context of European imperialism in Africa and depicts the dehumanizing effects of colonialism. The novel portrays Africans as "other," emphasizing their differences and often portraying them as primitive and inferior, reflecting the racist attitudes prevalent during the time it was written (late 19th century). The protagonist, Marlow, also grapples with the moral implications of colonialism and his prejudices. The book is often criticized for its portrayal of Africans and its endorsement of imperialist ideologies, making it a complex and controversial work when viewed through a modern lens.

Darkness and Symbolism: 

"Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad uses darkness as both a physical setting in the African Congo and a symbolic representation of moral and psychological obscurity. It explores the darkness within human nature, the exploitation of Africa, and the ambiguity of civilization.

Narrative Technique: 

The narrative technique in Joseph Conrad's "Heart of Darkness" primarily involves a frame narrative. It begins with an unnamed narrator on a ship, recounting Marlow's story. Marlow, in turn, recounts his journey into the Congo to find Kurtz. This layered narrative allows for multiple perspectives and commentary on imperialism and human nature. The story is also rich in symbolism and uses a non-linear structure, creating a sense of ambiguity and darkness throughout.

Critique of Colonialism: 

"Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad has faced significant critique for its portrayal of colonialism. Critics argue that the novel reinforces racist stereotypes and presents a Eurocentric view of Africa. It's often seen as a work that reflects the prevailing attitudes of its time, but some assert that it perpetuates harmful colonialist ideas rather than critiquing them. The character Kurtz's descent into madness and brutality is seen as a commentary on the corrupting influence of colonialism, but the novel's overall perspective on imperialism remains a subject of debate and critique.

Impact and Legacy: 

"Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad has had a significant impact on literature and culture. Its exploration of themes like imperialism, colonialism, and the darkness within human nature has left a lasting legacy, sparking discussions on these topics. The novella's portrayal of Africa and its people has also been criticized for perpetuating stereotypes. Overall, its impact lies in its thought-provoking narrative and its influence on subsequent works and discussions about the human condition and the consequences of colonialism.

Contemporary Relevance: 

The novel continues to have contemporary relevance as it explores themes such as colonialism, imperialism, racism, and the human capacity for darkness. These themes remain pertinent in discussions of global power dynamics, inequality, and the impact of European colonialism on African nations. Additionally, the novel's exploration of the darkness within the human soul and the moral ambiguity of characters like Kurtz still resonate in discussions of human nature and ethical dilemmas.

Conclusion: 

In conclusion, "Heart of Darkness" is a powerful exploration of colonialism, notable for its prose and critique of European exploitation. However, its weaknesses in character portrayal and narrative style, along with the ambiguous treatment of colonialism, make it a challenging but thought-provoking colonial novel.

Hamlet

Hamlet                                         Haider 

William Shakespeare        Vishal Bhardwaj

Denmark (14th&15th C.)   Srinagar(1995)

King Hamlet.                        Hilaal Meer

Ophelia                                  Arshia

Claudius.                               Khurram

Polonius                                Parvaze

Gertrude                               Ghazala

Ghost                                     Roohadaar

Themes: 

Revenge, Women, Corruption, Religion, Politics, Madness. 

Merits and Demerits: 

A universal appeal can be found in Shakespeare's tragedy "HAMLET". The central themes of human mortality, existential angst, the struggle for power, and the complexities of familial relationships resonate with people from various backgrounds and periods. Hamlet's famous soliloquy, "To be or not to be, " encapsulates the universal contemplation of life, death, and the human condition. 

One of the most touching and shocking scenes of the film occurs in the song ‘Jhelam’ during Haider’s search for his father: a blood-soaked boy leaps out of a truck full of stinking, mutilated corpses and dances in jubilation, rejoicing to be alive.

In Haider, the issue of losing one’s identity is highlighted effectively in a scene where a Kashmiri man stands on the threshold of his own house without entering. Roohdaar intervenes: he asks the man to show him his identity card, frisks him as Indian officers usually do, then allows him to cross the doorsill. This man is diagnosed with a pathological condition called ‘New Disease’, which witnesses the level of juridical intervention in people’s lives. This scene describes the tragic comedy. 

The gravedigger scene is important in Hamlet because it both represents comic-relief and tragedy. The Gravediggers relate to time as the ultimate equivocator. Time humbles all men because they end up in the same place. The gravediggers say that whether one is a king or a beggar they end up in the dirt.

Heart of Darkness Themes

       Heart of Darkness's Themes:       

Heart of Darkness is a novella by Polish-English novelist Joseph Conrad in which the sailor Charles Marlow tells his listeners the story of his assignment as steamer captain for a Belgian company in the African interior. It was published in Blackwood's Magazine in 1899; again in 1902 as the third work in the anthology, youth. The setting of the novella is on the deck of the Nellie; the Congo River. 

1. Colonialism and Imperialism: 

The novella critiques the exploitative nature of colonialism and the brutal treatment of native populations by European powers. It sheds light on the dehumanizing impact of imperialism on both the oppressors and the oppressed. 

2. Ambiguity of Morality: 

 "Heart of Darkness" questions traditional notions of good and evil. The characters' actions and the environment they inhabit blur the lines between right and wrong, prompting readers to confront the complexities of morality. 

3. The Journey into the Unknown : 

 The journey up the Congo River symbolizes a journey into the unknown, both physically and psychologically. The voyage becomes a metaphor for self-discovery, as the characters confront their darkness and grapple with their identities.

4. The Concept of Civilization : 

 The contrast between the supposedly civilized European society and the "uncivilized" African wilderness raises questions about the true nature of civilization. The narrative challenges the idea that European culture is inherently superior.

5. Isolation and Alienation: 

 The characters in the novella often experience feelings of isolation and alienation due to the harsh environment and their inner struggles. This theme highlights the psychological toll of the colonial enterprise. 

6. Narrative Structure and Perspective : 

The story is framed as a retelling within a retelling, creating layers of narrative and perspectives. This structure raises questions about the reliability of the narrator and the subjective nature of truth. 

7. Power and Corruption : 

 The pursuit of power and wealth is closely linked to corruption and moral decay in the characters. The lust for ivory serves as a symbol of this corrupting influence. 

8. Darkness and Light: 

The symbolism of darkness and light is pervasive throughout the novella. It reflects not only the physical setting but also the moral and psychological struggles of the characters.

 9. Madness and Descent into Chaos: 

 The characters' descent into madness, especially Kurtz's, illustrates the breakdown of sanity and the loss of humanity in the face of unchecked power and isolation.

 10. Cultural Clashes and Misunderstandings: 

The interactions between European colonizers and African natives highlight the misunderstandings, miscommunications, and clashes that arise when different cultures come into contact.

Reference: Wikipedia, Cliffs notes, and my class discussion.