KALPANA CHAWLA | INSPIRATION: REACHING FOR THE STARS.

  

INTRODUCTION:

Kalpana Chawla, Indian's first woman astronaut to go into space,was born on March 17,1962 in Chawla family at Karnal. Kalpana means "Idea and imagination". This essay is written by "AI LING LOUIE." In her last book named "INSPIRATION: REACHING FOR THE STARS" talks about rare individual name Kalpana.

FAMILY:

Father: Bansari Lal Chawla

Mother: sonjyoti

Two sister

One brother

Kalpana was born and grow up in middle class and economically comfortable family. Har family members's called her as "Montu". She come across a lot of social barriers and this restrictions. Her parents  unfailing support her in good way. She grown up under remarkable hard work and perseverance. Family grit and determination left a deep lasting impression on her. Kalpana's mother's words like,"one should never give up on anything one believed and always do what one loves best."give strength to her.

      

          "You couldn't lose by working 

           hard and     everyone seemed 

          to follow the rules. It helped 

          instil to notion that no matter 

           what the circumstances you 

         can indeed follow your dream."

EDUCATION:

School: Tagore Bal Niketan

Pre degree: Dayal Singh College , Karnal

Graduation:Punjab Engineering College                                    ,Chandigarh (PEC)

Post graduation: University of Texas at                                           Arlington (UTA) (1982)

Ph.D : In Aerospace Engineering Colorado                 (1988)

SCHOOL:

In school,Kalpana had principal who loved the children and teacher who are caring and deeply committed to their profession. Her school went a long way in shopping of her. Kalpana went to a school that was closed to her home.

COLLEGE:

Kalpana wanted to be flight engineer and design aircraft-opted to study aeronautical engineering. Again the principal and teachers at the college tried to persuade Kalpana to change her choice to the streams of Civil, Electrical or Mechanical engineering. She choose to become a part of the small class of eight its only girl student.

Kalpana soon rose to top of the class. She spent her time in classroom, library or laboratory. She also participate in annual sports day and Aero and Astro society's activities.

At PEC she learnt about:1.Aircraft materials

                                            2.Propulsion

                                            3.Theoretical                                                               aerodynamics

POST-GRADUATION:

Kalpana decided to attend the "University of Texas" at ailington (UTA) in 1982. Once again, her family is not happy for her this decision but she convinced them. Kalpana pluged into the American MS programme.In the world of Don vision, her thisis guide at Arlington.

        "My first impression was that

          she was the quite and shy girl

          who was intimidiated by 

          her surrounding. But she

          adapted very well and came 

          across as  a very high spirited 

          individual with a burning 

               desired to succeed".

                                 - Don Wilson.

Most of her time on campus was spent in classroom and the library. She would also spend long hours in the laboratory sometime working late into the night, long after everyone else had left.

Ph.D:

She enrolled for a PhD in mechanical engineering than shift to aerospace engineering that had always been her passion .Miriam, a dear friend at Colorado. She completed ph.D in 1988.

MARRIGE  LIFE:

In December 1983, Kalpana married French American "JEAN PIERRE HARRISON"  who was among the first friend she had made on her arrival in the United State. Har family was upset about her marriage but Kalpana won her approval and blessing with her firm faith. After completing masters, Kalpana moved to Colorado in the rocky mountaing.

Characteristic of Kalpana:

- Bright student

- Willing nature to choose the difficult path

- Burning desire for success

- Nature enthusiast

- Believes in lasting relationships

- Hard worker with convincing power

- Fascinated by aircraft

- Loyal friend

- Shy and careful girl

BRIGHT STUDENT:

Kalpana was shy but cheerful girl with boundless energy and strong inclination for adventure. She impressed the people by her remarkable determination and strong sense of commitment to work and people. Kalpana sharp mind diligence always kept her among the first five, her fun - loving and energetic nature made her enjoying picnics. Kalpana respond with enthusiasm to any challenge as did when she learnt drive a car at fourteen.

FASCINATED BY AIRCRAFT:

Kalpana love making pictures and airplane model in her art and craft classes also love to watch trainer aircraft's land and take off. Her father once managed to arrange a few Joy rides at local flying club. In summer kalpana's favourite pastime time was watching sky. The site of milky and occasional shooting star would fill her mind with several basic questions.

WILLING NATURE TO CHOOSE DIFFICULT PATH:

Kalpana could have chance to choose easy path of being ground crew and stay in silicon valley and earn impressive salary without having risk of her life. It was indeal remarkable that Kalpana will turn towardy the more difficult and challenging option. She was very pleasant and unassuming person.

Kalpana was always ready to listen others. She was passion about dancing and so that she found a very do so. During the time between 1992 and 1994,Kalpana become a student of the "Abhinaya Dance Academy" in San Jose where she learnt Bharatanatyam.

        "Our planet is really only a

          very small part of the vast

                         universe."

HARD WORKER AND CONVINCING POWER:

Chawla family has conservative mind. However, Kalpana succeed in convincing her family for going outside for the study.

LOYAL FRIEND AND BELIEVED IN LASTING RELATIONSHIP:

Kalpana nevar forget people that she has been associated with. She took care to present, autographed , momentos and all the degrees. She has an intense yearning to give back a part what she had gained to society and to all those who had inspired her.

Kalpana got her involved in allowing to student from the school to visit NASA. Kalpana had made plan to sponsor a young student to visit university in South Africa. Kalpana firmly believed in witnessing, experiencing and reaching one's goals. She always use at to say,

            "Do something because

              you really want to do it.

             If you are doing it just for

             the goal and don't enjoy 

             the path, Then I think you

             are cheating yourself."

She had indeed travelled a great distance, both literary and figuratively. And she took the glory with a astounding calm and humidity.

NASA: Ames Research Centre:

Kalpana join the NASA Ames recharge centre in California.

WORK:

 1. The stimulation of complex air                           flows around aircraft such as                             Harrier in "ground effect".

2.  Vice president and research  scientist               with overset methods,Inc in the  silicon           valley in 1993.  Kalpana was put in                   change of developing and implementing         techniques for aerodynamic optimisation.

               

3. Related to the reproduction of                            the effect of the loss of gravity on                      body parts.

NASA - Space Centre:

NASA informed her about interview and medical evaluation that could lead her to the job of an astronaut. She was among the 122 aspiring astronauts chosen from a total of 2962 applications.

Kalpana become one of the nineteen candidates selected to be members of NASA 's 15th batch of astronauts. In 1995,March, Kalpana moved to Houston with JEAN-PIERRE,who had proved to be a supportive co-voyager. Tough training programme at the NASA centre.

                  Training Programme:

The training comprised an introduction to all NASA centres, instruction in land and sea survival as well as in operating aircraft. Further, there were months spent in high-fidelity simulators and under zero gravity conditions. 

The end of the 1995, Kalpana was selected as a crew representative in the NASA Astronaut Office Extra-vehicular Activity and Computer Branches where her work included testing space shuttle controls software.

STS-87 MISSION:

In November 1997, Kalpana was given the chance to go into space. She was to go into space as one of the six crew members on board the Columbia shuttle's STS-87 mission.

Kalpana selected as a mission specialist and represented the diverse scientific discipline of physics, chemistry, astrophysics, aerospace engineering, geology space science and computer science.Kalpana had a special space job. She used a big robotic arm to launch and control satellites. She also did experiments and went outside the spacecraft. She was a commander and pilot too and had to check on the shuttle system for any problems that could arise.

STS-107 MISSION:

She was selected as a true member for the STS-107 launch on the Columbia space shuttle. It was a 16 days mission. The purpose of mission was mainly to conduct research on micro-gravity. Kalpana conducted experiment on the Earth science, life science and physics science.

DEATH:

On February 1, 2003, the Columbia was ready to re enter the earth's atmosphere. Kalpana's family and friends were waiting at a Cape Canaveral. At height of 207,135 feet in the sky without warning all communication snapped. The white trail of shuttle streaking into the earth's atmosphere broke up into the series of white spots, with loud boom. The tragedy beyond the words occurred.The Columbia disintregrated while making its re entry into the earth's atmosphere. There was no survivors.

CONCLUSION:

Kalpana is remarkable  women with a rare combination of brilliant mind and human spirit. Kalpana's courage to dream unatainable thing and perseverance to achieve that lead her to meaningful life. She left behind an invaluable legacy. She will remain a part of the words heritage for the extraordinary will power and daring  that she showed in her attempt to reach for the stars.

 2. How did Kalpana's life take shape? Discuss her early life and reaching out to NASA.

 Kalpana Chawla's early life in Karnal, India, was marked by her exceptional academic achievements and a passion for flying. She earned a Bachelor's degree in Aeronautical Engineering from Punjab Engineering College before pursuing her dream in the United States.

Kalpana moved to the U.S. in 1982, earning a Master's degree in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Texas at Arlington. Subsequently, she completed her Ph.D. in aerospace engineering from the University of Colorado in 1988. Her dedication and intellect propelled her into the aerospace industry.

Her association with NASA began in 1988 when she started working at NASA Ames Research Center, focusing on fluid dynamics research. Kalpana made significant contributions to computational aeroelasticity and simulation technology.

Selected as an astronaut candidate in 1994, she underwent rigorous training, showcasing her adaptability and determination. In 1997, Kalpana achieved her dream of space travel on the Space Shuttle Columbia's STS-87 mission, conducting various experiments.

Tragically, her second spaceflight on STS-107 in 2003 ended in disaster, with the Columbia disintegrating upon re-entry. Kalpana Chawla's life and achievements continue to be remembered as a symbol of perseverance and the pursuit of dreams.

      

3. Discuss the social barriers and restrictions you have faced to date.

Navigating social rules can be like playing a tricky game. Society watches closely, restricting the freedom to enjoy late nights or go outside. Balancing personal desires with others' expectations isn't always easy. For girls, this journey involves moments of sacrifice for family emotions, sometimes leading to missed opportunities. It reveals the intricate dance between personal dreams and family duties, all influenced by societal norms.

4.Does Kalpana's life inspire you? How?

Yes, Kalpana's life inspire me a lot.

Kalpana Chawla's journey resonates deeply with me; her unwavering courage and determination, coupled with a pioneering spirit, serve as a constant source of inspiration. As the first woman of Indian origin in space, her legacy fuels my own aspirations, pushing me to embrace challenges, follow my passion, and consistently strive for excellence in every aspect of my life. Her remarkable achievements remind me that barriers can be overcome, and dreams can be realized through dedication and perseverance.

       "PIPASA"                  DOCUMENTARY            FILM REVIEW: 

       "If we don't get water to drink,

              How will we survive?"

"PIPASA," a documentary film by Rajat Sain and Roohani, presents a poignant and detailed overview of the water crisis in the Barmer region of the Thar Desert.

   पिपासा: प्यास, तृष्णा, इच्छा, लोभ।

Barmer is the faifth the biggest district in India.Which is always accompanied  by two words,first being the desert and second being water.If you mention the ocean to the people there,they will not believe that it exists.Because they believe that the ocean would  resemble a desert filled with sand. They cannot believe that there is so much water existing in this world.Thar desert is known to be the hottest desert.Thar, which falls 85% in India and 15% in Pakistan. Because of the desert and its hit the people there struggle and face scarcity of water.

Barmer and Jaisalmer are district near the border and a lot of people in this district live in remote settlements.The problem of water scarcity isn't new there,it has been there for ages.The people who were living there, using sand to wash vessels and natural's call.

The water there is at depth. Around 600 feet below and salty,saline water.There are few villages like "Arbi ki gaffen", where water is saline. The water is so salty that even animals don't consume it.And due to scarcity of water there is no birds.When water was available at home people would fill containers and lock it. 

From dawn to dusk, women are worried about water that they need to fetch water for their homes.It rains only three to four time there. The situation remains the same. Even today the water sources of this villages are drying up. Of the 21st century, 1/4th part has passed . 25 years are already over. The other 75 years shall go by soon too. There water tank is already built but it has no electricity. There is no scope of getting water in the next 50 years. 

If you ask at any house there, how much water crisis do you face? They would all be crying within. There is one breadwinner but ten members in the family who consume water. There is no water source available nearby. Half lifetime has gone and half remain to fetch  water 💦 . The women of this village, put down the ropes in 225ft. deep percolation well (water source ). 

One lady holds the water container, there other have to pull the rope. Then they transfer the water to their pots. Hardly, the pots are filled and the water gets over. Two women fetch water while the others wait for the co trainer to get filled. They need to wait near the "Beri" (percolation well) for around 1-1.5 hours. They keep waiting there for the water to re-collect in the percolation well. When it seems like water has re-collected for around 1-2pots, they fill it up and leave. 

A lot of 'Beris' can be seen around Barmer's border. Beris are constructed in the midst of a huge space which can be called as 'Tal'. This was done so that every drop if water could be collected and conserved. The system was such that ten to fifteen 'Beris' we're built in a huge Tal. As soon Beri would fill up. As that overflows, the second Beri would start to fill. From second it would overflow to the third and so on and so forth. But as it gets hotter the water level goes low. Water then collects in the process of seeping, Gradually the percolation well gets filled. Within 4-5 hours you can collect 100-150 liters of water from each Beri. Whatever water would collect in these percolation wells, they would use that for 3-4 years. This method is successful even today. 

In the villages where it is still in good working condition. It serves as the major source of drinking water. The quality of this water is good too mineral wise and it is not polluted. Most of the "Beris"are constructed around sand dunes and not stony areas. Wherever would be constructed and not percolation wells. 

The goat is not drinking the water as it is salty. Mixing flour in the water . When they add flour, the cattle consumes the water. 

In Barmer water comes from two types of canals. First being the Indira Gandhi canal, which was made by Ganga Sungh Ji, the king of Bikaner. Later, it came to be known as Indira Gnadhi canal. This canal extends till Jaisalmer. This water comes up to Barmer through connecting pipelines. 

 Luni river used to emerge from Asmer. It would flow through Pali and reach here. Till 40 years age, the river Luni was a lifeline for them. It was also known as "Maru Ganga" but today nothing remains. It is so polluted that there is no aquatic life even and not is it fit for any animal to drink. This is because the government has given allowed chemical and textile industries to dump their waste unto the Luni river. Burmer is one of the  mineral rich region of the country.There is lignite,bentonite,granite and crude oil.They  are being mined chemicals are used in abundance to collect the crude oil.These chemicals seep into our spaces and water sources.This leads to pollution of the water sources and the water taste changes as well.

People have yellowish brown teeth because of the polluted water.The presence of fluoride in the water also affect our bones,people have bent backs earlier than their age.Whenever Beris have not been clean the properly there, they faced more of a drinking water crisis.

Percolation wells were constructed during their forefather's time.The traditional style of water conservation is Sonia channel.Sonia channel is basically a group of percolation. Earlier some village is had ponds. Permission was granted to transport water for domestic purpose only through bullock cart or camel cart.New techniques have come up.Use of tankers have become a profit making business for the villagers.They have no option since the government did not supply them with water.

They are two types of tanker supply. The first one being private and second being government supply.Government tanker include 20000 liters water.There are two tankers allotted every month.The document says one tanker per day but only one tanker reaches  there in a month.Those who have money can pay for the tanker and get water and lower people do not get anything.The truck tankar coast is 4000 rupees.About 10  10 to 12000 per month goes  in buying water there is a lot of scarcity of water.

Not every woman or family has 500 rupees. So they  can't get water, so they are left with only one option to go and fill in water on there own. And that's why they get salty water.Some people do water harvesting in the tanks (taka).Huge underground tanks are made and rainwater is collected in it. But it was only used for drinking water purpose.

They go wise a day to fetch water and fill 2-4 pots. They use that to wash clothes and utensils. They save the water used from washing utensils and that water Goats used to drink. In the film,one lady can carry 10 litres.If she carries 20 litres she will fall and the pot will broke.They have back and feet pain.Body hurts and there is knee pain.She uses the support of a stick to fetch water.Arms,chest , hands and feet...... evening hurts.

In these village, there is a habit that as a girl grows up, she has to accompany her mother to fetch water. Carrying so much weight has an effect on their bodies. It is a habit now so they don't feel it much. But the effects can be seen on the body. Even 80-90 year old women has no other option than to carry water pots. There is nobody in her family, she bring water for cow. It is ill due to scarcity of food and water. 

Work of fetching water also effects their reproductive system. A pregnant women is also going to fetch water till her 8th month of pregnancy. A month after delivery she goes for fetching water. One lady , four days after giving birth of child , she went to fetch water.  Even while experiencing labour pains the women have to work carry weight, fetch water and labour work. Due to this some women face uterine prolapse. Due to this work one lady lost her child because  carrying heavy weight. 

There is not even a single School and there is a no facility for water in their village .Children travel 10 to 15 kms to attend school.Because there is no facility in their village. According to students, the best is ti study,after that bring water.Bring water out of compulsion.

In a day,they went to bring water for 4 times.All women are expected to fetch water .Be it a 10 years old or 80 years old.Their health condition doesn't matter, fetching  water is a necessity.According to them,worst work is to fetch water.

People living in border villages.They are not capable of renting tankers.They are living a miserable life.But they no value of water and use water like the milk.They utilise water like we utilise milk and butter in our house chores.They use water like other valuable items.

There was a saying, Milk or butter is far more easily available than water.we can give you milk or butter but not water.

We don't feel ashamed when 40 thousand villagers are living without water and it does not affect us at all.

Water pipelines are not yet laid in the border areas of Barmer.The plan has not been implemented yet and there are so many areas that are not covered yet.Only water tank has been made but the pipeline required for the distribution of water to the villagers are still not laid.PM Modi had also promised that every Households  will have water connection but it has not been implemented there.

Eastern India has Brahmaputra river,from it every year 3000 or 4000 people die because of extreme floods.Where in Rajasthan 20 to 25 people dies every year due to scarcity of water. In Barmer, Education is not important,but learning how to fetch water is important.No matter you are a girl or boy.

14,000 kilometers: The distance a rural women walks every year just to fetch water,equivalent to the distance between India and America. 

According to Barmer's people, fetching water is the worst thing. We are celebrating 75 years od independence but there are so many villages are deprive from water, which is thoughtful  matter for us.

💧💧💧💧💧💧💧Water💧💧💧💧💧💧

Death of a salsmen themes

 Themes in Arthur Miller's play "Death of a Salesman" presented :

1. American Dream:

   - The pursuit of success and material wealth as a fundamental aspect of the American Dream.

   - The disillusionment and ultimate failure of the American Dream for Willy Loman and his family.

2. Identity and Self-Worth:

   - Willy's struggle to define his identity and find self-worth through his career.

   - The impact of societal expectations on one's sense of self.

3. Family and Relationships:

   - The strained relationship between Willy and his sons, Biff and Happy.

   - The consequences of Willy's obsession with work on his family's well-being.

4. Reality vs. Illusion:

   - The contrast between Willy's delusions and the harsh reality of his situation.

   - The theme of living in a world of illusions to escape painful truths.

5. Capitalism and Consumerism:

   - Critique of the capitalist system and its effects on individuals like Willy.

   - The emphasis on material success and the commodification of human worth.

6. Betrayal and Abandonment:

   - Biff's sense of betrayal and abandonment by his father.

   - Willy's feelings of betrayal by the business world and by his own family.

7. Death and the American Dream:

   - The play's title itself highlights the theme of death and its connection to the pursuit of the American Dream.

   - The tragic ending underscores the cost of Willy's dreams and illusions.

8. Isolation and Loneliness:

   - The isolation experienced by Willy, who feels disconnected from those around him.

   - The loneliness that results from pursuing the American Dream at the expense of meaningful relationships.

9. Flashbacks and Time:

   - The use of flashbacks to explore the past and its impact on the present.

   - The non-linear narrative structure highlighting the fluidity of time in memory.

10. The Common Man:

    - The portrayal of Willy Loman as an ordinary, working-class individual facing universal human struggles.

    - A commentary on the struggles and aspirations of everyday people.

These themes collectively contribute to the depth and complexity of "Death of a Salesman" as a commentary on American society and the human condition.

Death of a salsmen

 "Death of a Salesman" by Arthur Miller is divided into two acts. Here's a summary of each act:

Act 1:

- The play begins with Willy Loman, a traveling salesman, returning home exhausted from a business trip.

- Willy's wife, Linda, worries about his mental state and the family's financial troubles.

- We meet Willy's two sons, Biff and Happy, who are struggling to find their paths in life.

- Willy has flashbacks to his past, reliving moments of success and disappointment.

- He is also haunted by the memory of his brother Ben, who became wealthy in Alaska.

- Act 1 revolves around Willy's disillusionment with the American Dream and his strained relationships with his family.

Act 2:

- Act 2 shifts between the present and various flashbacks.

- Willy's mental state deteriorates further, and he has conversations with imaginary figures from his past.

- Biff and Happy's attempts to succeed in the business world are failing.

- Biff confronts Willy about his unrealistic expectations and the lies he has been living.

- Linda tries to protect Willy but also faces the harsh reality of their situation.

- Ultimately, Willy's despair leads to a tragic and fatal decision, believing that his life insurance policy will provide for his family.

In "Death of a Salesman," Arthur Miller explores themes of the American Dream, identity, and the destructive effects of delusion and disillusionment. The play is a powerful critique of the pursuit of success and the toll it can take on individuals and their families.

DEATH OF A SALESMAN BY ARTHER MILLER

INTRODUCTION OF AUTHOR: 

 Arthur Miller was a prominent American playwright and essayist best known for his works exploring the complexities of human nature and society. His writings often delved into themes such as the American Dream, the consequences of moral choices, and the impact of societal pressures on individuals. Through his thought-provoking plays, Miller not only entertained but also challenged audiences to reflect on the moral dilemmas of their time. His enduring legacy in American literature and theater continues to inspire discussions about the human condition.

INTRODUCTION OF PLAY: 

"The Death of a Salesman" is a renowned American play written by Arthur Miller. It premiered in 1949 and is considered a classic of American theater. The story revolves around the life and struggles of Willy Loman, a traveling salesman who becomes disillusioned with the American Dream. As he grapples with his perceptions of success and failure, the play explores themes of family, identity, and the cost of pursuing the elusive dream of financial success. With its powerful portrayal of the human condition and the harsh realities of the American Dream, "Death of a Salesman" remains a thought-provoking and timeless work of literature.

Characters : 

Examine the major themes of disillusionment, identity, and the American Dream in "DEATH OF SALESMAN". 

"The Death of a Salesman" by Arthur Miller is a classic American play that explores several major themes, including disillusionment, identity, and the American Dream. Here are some examples of these themes in the play:

1. Disillusionment:

   - Willy Loman's Disillusionment:

 The central character, Willy Loman, is the epitome of disillusionment. He believes in the American Dream, which promises success and prosperity through hard work and charisma. However, as the play unfolds, it becomes evident that Willy's belief in this dream has led to his disillusionment, as he struggles to achieve it and ultimately faces failure.

   - Biff's Disillusionment:

 Biff, Willy's son, is another character who experiences disillusionment. He once believed in his father's values and dreams but later realizes the emptiness of Willy's aspirations and chooses a different path in life.

2. Identity:

   - Willy's Identity Crisis: 

Willy grapples with his identity throughout the play. He struggles to reconcile his self-image as a successful salesman with the reality of his failures. This internal conflict leads to his declining mental state and eventual demise.

   - Biff's Quest for Identity:

 Biff's search for his own identity is a significant subplot. He rejects his father's expectations and attempts to find his sense of self, separate from the materialistic values Willy embodies.

3. The American Dream:

   - Willy's Pursuit of the American Dream:

 Willy is fixated on the American Dream of success and material wealth. He believes that being well-liked and having a charismatic personality is enough to achieve it. However, his relentless pursuit of this dream ultimately leads to his downfall, as he sacrifices his family and mental well-being in the process.

 The Illusory Nature of the American Dream:

 Through Willy's experiences, the play highlights the illusory nature of the American Dream. It suggests that success is not solely determined by charisma and appearance but also by hard work, skill, and self-awareness.

   - The Contrast with Bernard: 

Bernard, Biff's childhood friend, represents an alternative interpretation of the American Dream. He works hard, achieves academic success, and becomes a successful lawyer. His success contrasts sharply with Willy's vision of the dream, emphasizing the importance of effort and dedication.

CONCLUSION: 

In "The Death of a Salesman," Arthur Miller uses these themes to critique the shallow pursuit of the American Dream and to explore the impact of disillusionment on individuals and their identities, particularly within the context of a family. The play serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of blindly chasing a dream without introspection and self-awareness.

BELOVED BY TONI MORRISON

INTRODUCTION OF AUTHOR: 

Toni Morrison, the acclaimed author, was known for her powerful exploration of themes related to race, identity, and the African-American experience in her novels. Her main point revolved around the importance of acknowledging and confronting the legacy of slavery, racism, and oppression in American history while also celebrating the resilience, strength, and beauty of the African-American community. She often delved into the complexities of human relationships and the enduring impact of the past on the present. Ultimately, her works aimed to provoke thought, promote empathy, and encourage dialogue about these critical issues.

INTRODUCTION OF NOVEL: 

"Beloved" by Toni Morrison is a haunting and powerful novel that explores the enduring legacy of slavery in America. Set in the post-Civil War era, the story revolves around the character Sethe, a former slave who escapes to Ohio but is haunted by the ghost of her deceased daughter, known as Beloved. This novel delves deep into the psychological and emotional scars of slavery while addressing themes of identity, motherhood, and the struggle for freedom. Through its evocative storytelling, "Beloved" serves as a poignant reminder of the painful history of slavery and its lingering impact on individuals and society.

In Toni Morrison's "BELOVED", how does the haunting past of slavery shape the characters' present lives and decisions? 

In Toni Morrison's 'Beloved,' the haunting past of slavery profoundly shapes the characters' present lives and decisions. The novel delves into the enduring trauma and psychological scars of slavery, particularly on the protagonist Sethe, and those around her.

1. Sethe's Character Development: 

Sethe's traumatic experience of escaping from Sweet Home and the brutality she endured there continue to affect her. Her decision to kill her child, Beloved, was driven by the fear of having her daughter experience the horrors of slavery. This act, while motivated by love, haunts Sethe throughout the novel, affecting her self-perception and decisions.

2. Beloved's Arrival: 

The appearance of the character Beloved, who may be the reincarnation of Sethe's murdered child, represents the inescapable return of the past. Beloved's presence reopens old wounds and forces the characters to confront their traumatic histories.

3. Paul D's Emotional Scars: 

Paul D, another former slave at Sweet Home, is emotionally scarred by the traumatic events of his past. His inability to fully connect with Sethe is a direct result of the dehumanizing experiences they endured together.

4. Community and Identity: 

The wider community of African Americans in the novel also grapples with the legacy of slavery. Their collective history of suffering influences their sense of identity and belonging, as well as their decisions regarding how to cope with the ongoing challenges they face.

5. Themes of Isolation and Guilt: 

The characters in 'Beloved' grapple with isolation and guilt stemming from their experiences with slavery. This isolation affects their relationships and decisions, as they struggle to find solace and connection in a world that still bears the scars of slavery.

Sethe's isolation is evident in her self-imposed exile from the African American community in Cincinnati. She lives in a haunted house and avoids contact with others, reflecting her emotional isolation due to her guilt.

- Beloved's isolation is depicted through her enigmatic nature and her inability to connect with others. She is a ghostly presence, both literally and figuratively, highlighting her isolation from the living.

- Sethe's guilt is portrayed when she tries to justify her actions to Paul D and others, demonstrating her inner turmoil and the heavy burden of guilt she carries.

- Paul D's guilt is evident in his struggle to open up emotionally and form a deep connection with Sethe. He fears that his presence will only bring more pain to her life.

6. Interplay of Time:

 The novel's narrative structure, which weaves between past and present, underscores how the past is not a distant memory but a living presence that continues to shape the characters' lives.

Conclusion : 

In essence, 'Beloved' is a poignant exploration of how the haunting legacy of slavery, with its physical and psychological traumas, permeates the characters' lives and profoundly influences their choices, relationships, and sense of self. The novel skillfully demonstrates how the past is never truly past and continues to exert its influence on the present.

Heart Of Darkness as a Colonial Novel.

INTRODUCTION OF AUTHOR: 

 Joseph Conrad was a Polish-British author known for his novels exploring themes of colonialism, human nature, and the consequences of imperialism. Some of his notable works include "Heart of Darkness" and "Lord Jim." Conrad's writing often delved into the psychological complexities of his characters and the dark aspects of human existence.

INTRODUCTION OF NOVELLA: 

Heart of Darkness" is a novella written by Joseph Conrad, first published in 1899. It is considered one of the seminal works of English literature. Set in the Congo Free State during the late 19th century, the story follows the journey of Charles Marlow, an Englishman, as he ventures into the African interior in search of the enigmatic ivory trader Kurtz. The novella explores themes of imperialism, colonialism, human nature, and the darkness that can reside within the human soul. "Heart of Darkness" is known for its rich symbolism and its powerful exploration of the moral and psychological consequences of European colonization in Africa. 

Introduction Of Colonialism and its Impact on Indigenous  People: 

Colonialism is a system in which one group or nation establishes control over another region, often exploiting its resources and subjugating its indigenous people. In "Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad, colonialism is portrayed through the colonization of Africa by European powers.

Impact on Indigenous People:

1. Physical: Indigenous people often suffered from forced labor, violence, and diseases brought by the colonizers. In the novel, the brutal treatment of African laborers is evident, such as the character of Mr. Kurtz.

2. Mental: Colonialism could lead to a loss of cultural identity and self-worth among indigenous populations. Many characters in the novel, including Kurtz, experience a profound psychological toll due to the harsh conditions and moral degradation associated with colonialism.

3. Social: The social fabric of indigenous societies was disrupted as traditional hierarchies were dismantled. In "Heart of Darkness," the European colonizers disrupt local societies, leading to chaos and conflict among the native people.

4. Political: Indigenous autonomy and governance systems were often replaced by colonial rule. In the novel, the European colonial powers assert their dominance over the African regions, effectively erasing indigenous political structures.

Colonial Setting: 

"Heart of Darkness"  is set in the late 19th century during the height of European colonialism in Africa. The novella explores the journey of the protagonist, Marlow, as he travels deep into the Congo River basin in search of the enigmatic ivory trader Kurtz. This colonial setting serves as a backdrop to examine the dark and oppressive aspects of European imperialism, as well as the moral decay it can induce in individuals and societies. The story sheds light on the brutality, exploitation, and cultural clash that characterized this historical period.

Imperialism and power: 

Imperialism, the extension of a nation's authority over other lands, has long been a subject of debate and analysis, particularly in the context of power dynamics. In Joseph Conrad's novella "Heart of Darkness,"  we witness a vivid portrayal of the brutal consequences of European imperialism in Africa. Through the experiences of the protagonist, Charles Marlow, and the enigmatic character of Kurtz, Conrad delves into the complex interplay between imperialism and the corrupting influence of power. This narrative not only serves as a compelling example of the destructive nature of unchecked power within the imperialist framework but also highlights the moral and psychological dimensions of such domination, raising profound questions about the human capacity for darkness when driven by ambition and authority.

Characters : 

"The Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad features complex and morally ambiguous characters. Here's a brief evaluation of some key characters:

1. Marlow: The protagonist and narrator, Marlow is a sailor who embarks on a journey into the Congo. He's a symbol of the ordinary man trying to navigate the darkness of human nature. He's curious, observant, and increasingly disillusioned as he witnesses the horrors of colonialism.

2. Kurtz: Kurtz is a mysterious and enigmatic figure in the story. He represents the corrupting influence of power and the darkness that can consume even the most civilized individuals. His descent into madness and brutality in the heart of Africa is a central theme.

3. The Manager: The Manager is a symbol of the bureaucracy and inefficiency of colonialism. He's more concerned with his career and status than with the well-being of the native people or the success of the company's mission.

4. The Native Africans: They are largely portrayed as voiceless victims of European imperialism. They suffer greatly under the brutal rule of the Company and the exploitation of their land and resources.

5. The Intended: Kurtz's fiancée back in Europe represents the naïve and idealized image of civilization. Her love for Kurtz is based on a romanticized version of him, and she is unaware of the darkness he has become.

These characters serve as vehicles for exploring themes of imperialism, the human capacity for evil, and the clash of cultures. Conrad's portrayal of them is layered and invites readers to reflect on the complexities of human nature and society.

Racism and othering: 

The novel explores themes of racism and othering. It is set in the context of European imperialism in Africa and depicts the dehumanizing effects of colonialism. The novel portrays Africans as "other," emphasizing their differences and often portraying them as primitive and inferior, reflecting the racist attitudes prevalent during the time it was written (late 19th century). The protagonist, Marlow, also grapples with the moral implications of colonialism and his prejudices. The book is often criticized for its portrayal of Africans and its endorsement of imperialist ideologies, making it a complex and controversial work when viewed through a modern lens.

Darkness and Symbolism: 

"Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad uses darkness as both a physical setting in the African Congo and a symbolic representation of moral and psychological obscurity. It explores the darkness within human nature, the exploitation of Africa, and the ambiguity of civilization.

Narrative Technique: 

The narrative technique in Joseph Conrad's "Heart of Darkness" primarily involves a frame narrative. It begins with an unnamed narrator on a ship, recounting Marlow's story. Marlow, in turn, recounts his journey into the Congo to find Kurtz. This layered narrative allows for multiple perspectives and commentary on imperialism and human nature. The story is also rich in symbolism and uses a non-linear structure, creating a sense of ambiguity and darkness throughout.

Critique of Colonialism: 

"Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad has faced significant critique for its portrayal of colonialism. Critics argue that the novel reinforces racist stereotypes and presents a Eurocentric view of Africa. It's often seen as a work that reflects the prevailing attitudes of its time, but some assert that it perpetuates harmful colonialist ideas rather than critiquing them. The character Kurtz's descent into madness and brutality is seen as a commentary on the corrupting influence of colonialism, but the novel's overall perspective on imperialism remains a subject of debate and critique.

Impact and Legacy: 

"Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad has had a significant impact on literature and culture. Its exploration of themes like imperialism, colonialism, and the darkness within human nature has left a lasting legacy, sparking discussions on these topics. The novella's portrayal of Africa and its people has also been criticized for perpetuating stereotypes. Overall, its impact lies in its thought-provoking narrative and its influence on subsequent works and discussions about the human condition and the consequences of colonialism.

Contemporary Relevance: 

The novel continues to have contemporary relevance as it explores themes such as colonialism, imperialism, racism, and the human capacity for darkness. These themes remain pertinent in discussions of global power dynamics, inequality, and the impact of European colonialism on African nations. Additionally, the novel's exploration of the darkness within the human soul and the moral ambiguity of characters like Kurtz still resonate in discussions of human nature and ethical dilemmas.

Conclusion: 

In conclusion, "Heart of Darkness" is a powerful exploration of colonialism, notable for its prose and critique of European exploitation. However, its weaknesses in character portrayal and narrative style, along with the ambiguous treatment of colonialism, make it a challenging but thought-provoking colonial novel.